I love the present life, in other words, I like without you.
World Cup quarter, Brazil go wild it! The field the best team I think should be Mello of Brazil with the teaching. This time he fire, and together the world people remember him. How to make the first one on the same profile Mello: Mello, M, 27 years old, Brazil has, 73KG, 183CM, white implicit efficiency, especially Tucci, 400 telephone calls
I will learn to give you, because I love you. Should I try to accept him in the end, a man who loves me.
The marriage, in fact, I just misunderstood a (micro-Shi), cover. heart 旳 『』 man is just another sad shackles, where, are the same.
, is the youth of the multitudinous 涐 spike, not destined to return to to have had the greatest happiness 旳, is that you give care. 'meet, not hate late, early ヾ is hate.
explained only when the emotion, it is better to give a fresh start. want to give you full of care, but still a lingering fear.
related topics article:
original - to a man loved you forever _200
original - the six major reasons for doting grandparents _117
original - one of about spoiling the phenomenon and hazards _285
original - how to grasp the spoil with the strict scale _102
original - the six major reasons for doting grandparents _117
Wednesday, December 29, 2010
Tuesday, December 28, 2010
December 30 Terracotta Warriors & Huaqing Pool
30, morning, sleep late. Oops! Quietly waiting for Big Brother Men do, and thus be rushed to fight Lintong. Big Brother is really kind ah, drove to the Warriors with Men, warriors from the very period of the Xinjiang Military District nursing home Road yet. under the car, we can see a big statue of Qin Shi Huang.
brother to open a Military Men of introduction, there is no need to enter the attractions tickets 啦 ~ Men big one, terracotta warriors and horses in the foot of Lishan Mountain, the weather was pretty good, as Lishan stands as sliced bread. A total of three Hall, is the general embracing of a museum, then One pit, pit II (renovation, do not open), Three pit.
One pit is the largest pit, but there is no more than half developed, terracotta warriors and horses unearthed in painstaking restoration experts are good. because the terracotta warriors and horses unearthed is not a full time, many warriors mangled, and some small head, and some body falling apart, experts on the many fragments from the scene one by one to try, and finally to the terracotta warriors and horses to the repaired defects.
Three relatively One pit pit in terms of very, very small, is a chariot pit, horses and chariots used for parking.
museum, full of people. twitter, voice guides come and go, noisy death. Fortunately, tourists are well behaved, quiet, listening to tour guides explained, if, about the tourists, that the museum of the burst. the off-season are central Ukraine Uzbekistan Central, it is difficult to imagine how busy the season when. saw One pit excavated pit and II physical model by 1 / 2 Tong Juma proportion of production, these two works is painstaking, thousands of tens of thousands of upper and lower body parts are the experts made strenuous efforts to re-stitching.
Cu II One Tong Juma
traveling
the dimly lit museum, I took the photos do not pass, pulled two from the line over the eye so that we worked on addiction.
came out from the Terra Cotta Warriors, Huaqing Pool Men go directly to the. Aspect There are 2, one bath Begonia Yang Tang (the wall is a row of Five Office (KMT patriotic general Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hu-cheng Urging Chiang launched the 1. bathroom
2. Secretary of the Office
3. dormitory
4. Office
5. Meeting Room
out from the Huaqing Hot Springs is at 3 o'clock, hungry, little in the opposite shop for lunch. not bad, dry stir beans (spicy taste the flavor of Shaanxi), chive pepper shredded pork, mushrooms, tomato vegetable soup oat. quite content with, ah, fond of Xinjiang Military District after the nursing home stay, hospital environment, air is quite good! dinner reception courtesy of Big Brother, are authentic Shanxi cuisine and drink a cup of . eat the Qin town bran (the original can not eat, did not expect a taste really good) and the Taipan Ji, HOHO! nursing home near the Xinjiang Military Huaqing Pool, the specialty here is Huaqing Hot Springs heard a total of around a dozen nursing homes, feature is the hot springs. Ever since, Yang Men enjoy a bath of not dry, not coated with lotion are OK 啦 Moreover, Beijing, Xi'an than dry, so I Dongdong A really good hot spring water bath in winter, the skin is stretched too powerful, too hard to spread the lotion to absorb particularly fast, Therefore, after coating is still very dry, my husband always said that I wasted, that I made, oh! Ever since, I have an idea, if it stay a week each year to the more wonderful, too health of the.
spa baths, the sleep in to hh
brother to open a Military Men of introduction, there is no need to enter the attractions tickets 啦 ~ Men big one, terracotta warriors and horses in the foot of Lishan Mountain, the weather was pretty good, as Lishan stands as sliced bread. A total of three Hall, is the general embracing of a museum, then One pit, pit II (renovation, do not open), Three pit.
One pit is the largest pit, but there is no more than half developed, terracotta warriors and horses unearthed in painstaking restoration experts are good. because the terracotta warriors and horses unearthed is not a full time, many warriors mangled, and some small head, and some body falling apart, experts on the many fragments from the scene one by one to try, and finally to the terracotta warriors and horses to the repaired defects.
Three relatively One pit pit in terms of very, very small, is a chariot pit, horses and chariots used for parking.
museum, full of people. twitter, voice guides come and go, noisy death. Fortunately, tourists are well behaved, quiet, listening to tour guides explained, if, about the tourists, that the museum of the burst. the off-season are central Ukraine Uzbekistan Central, it is difficult to imagine how busy the season when. saw One pit excavated pit and II physical model by 1 / 2 Tong Juma proportion of production, these two works is painstaking, thousands of tens of thousands of upper and lower body parts are the experts made strenuous efforts to re-stitching.
Cu II One Tong Juma
traveling
the dimly lit museum, I took the photos do not pass, pulled two from the line over the eye so that we worked on addiction.
came out from the Terra Cotta Warriors, Huaqing Pool Men go directly to the. Aspect There are 2, one bath Begonia Yang Tang (the wall is a row of Five Office (KMT patriotic general Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hu-cheng Urging Chiang launched the 1. bathroom
2. Secretary of the Office
3. dormitory
4. Office
5. Meeting Room
out from the Huaqing Hot Springs is at 3 o'clock, hungry, little in the opposite shop for lunch. not bad, dry stir beans (spicy taste the flavor of Shaanxi), chive pepper shredded pork, mushrooms, tomato vegetable soup oat. quite content with, ah, fond of Xinjiang Military District after the nursing home stay, hospital environment, air is quite good! dinner reception courtesy of Big Brother, are authentic Shanxi cuisine and drink a cup of . eat the Qin town bran (the original can not eat, did not expect a taste really good) and the Taipan Ji, HOHO! nursing home near the Xinjiang Military Huaqing Pool, the specialty here is Huaqing Hot Springs heard a total of around a dozen nursing homes, feature is the hot springs. Ever since, Yang Men enjoy a bath of not dry, not coated with lotion are OK 啦 Moreover, Beijing, Xi'an than dry, so I Dongdong A really good hot spring water bath in winter, the skin is stretched too powerful, too hard to spread the lotion to absorb particularly fast, Therefore, after coating is still very dry, my husband always said that I wasted, that I made, oh! Ever since, I have an idea, if it stay a week each year to the more wonderful, too health of the.
spa baths, the sleep in to hh
Monday, December 27, 2010
For the children to Canada from Japan Japanese Chinese Xinhua China Press editor _ _ Jiang Feng New ...
The couple are my friends, a husband in Japan's Nomura Securities, a subsidiary of the company as chief of the Chinese room, his wife, a famous Japanese general trading company's overseas department. Only begotten sons and daughters are sweet side, this should be the second high school grade students. say, break a door of the Chinese people, to seek in a foreign country to such a position, it should be the new leader among the overseas Chinese. the kind of family, it should belong to the ranks of happy families.
few days ago, they called me to dinner. up with work, I naturally have to refuse. However, the man said: Do not say that, to welcome him to Canada to see us. went to their house.
corporal punishment, lonely hearts not to wilderness
sweet home, the topic will begin from the sweet.
when the couple left China that year, the only child is in elementary school sweet stay in Shanghai. usual, the children lived in the old lady on Saturday, the children picked up by my grandmother, brings back Monday morning.
sweet mother is fashionable to send women, child care has always been a priority over work. in China it is the case, Ningkenduojia days classes, is not willing to bring a day of children at home. so alienated some of the child and mother nature. Dad does, how very loved his daughter, can pay money, but very few can afford the time. like One would like also, whether in China or in Japan, to pay money for both children and young father to pay the time, I fear, very few.
later, the couple take off together in Japan, a master's Take to, employer and have found the sweet high school also received from Japan.
However, my mother found that sweet body of the go out to eat hamburgers, KFC, on the family thing, to quit to quit, who seem to grow with a lazy muscle.
impetuous mother, will inevitably have to reprove her. sweet and do not talk back, but did not think of my mother . anxious, mother hands, so he took a brush wooden brush suit, according to her daughter's ass showered down play. sweet and do not leave, either mother enjoy playing, ;, is not mercy. Sometimes, my mother kneeling so sweet, did not expect her to kneel down easy, let her stand up, kneel down harder than her, there are often begged her mother to stand up to the scene.
When the corporal punishment of the daughter called side, meal stern rebuke, the last is always so sweet to play against the full-length mirror his own mouth. When the sweet refused to do so, my father beat his own mouth, and said: shame to have such a daughter, Mei Lianxian people. himself in a room inside, like a lady and the grandmother wrote. Sometimes, my father found his daughter's pillow is wet in the morning, bathed in tears. It appears that this child is full of lonely hearts.
advised wife, add a little less class, and even persuaded his wife to dismiss the work, simply stay home with their daughter. When such couples talking, wife ask: Why do not you do that? dismiss my work for children, children grow up, What can I do? to that time, you have a career, children get married, what can I do?
this problem not only in a Chinese family. The Chinese people going abroad to bring a new future Family confused, and have not a satisfactory answer.
away from home, young girls youth against
family, gradually vanish in corporal punishment. parents that corporal punishment is good for the children to do corporal punishment of children to their parents from the heart of hatred. the specific performance is formed between daughter and parents, changes after high school. early in the morning, sweet to the bathroom busy for half an hour, no make-up traces of the surface, but also make-up than the real time-consuming. school, you can forget to bring textbooks, But that side mirror and the little comb, but not forgotten over time.
and parents do not talk sweet, and students playing the telephone, often more than an hour. home phone bills, each In thirty thousand yen every month or more. Suddenly, the phone one month more than 10 million yen, the father to find the telephone office and ask them is not wrong, the result sent a schedule of people, ah ? original sweet playing phone sex.
daughter grew up without knowing really. Dad through this thing, that does not resort to daughter. Mom it, indifference to the father: is your daughter, you think of a way of education, at the station waiting for her to meet her. Well, let her go this way, when the father wanted to bear down, the school teacher called and said, Dad had some wits, patience and daughter talk, but sweet and told him: If there is no boyfriend in the class, students will be looked down upon; boyfriend if not more than two, will be the students that there is no charm; if the present a virgin, will be the students laugh. She also asked the father: statement. He began to regret, regret premature daughter is full of temptation into the flower of Japan, the former wanted to open her eye as soon as possible, the original wanted her daughter earlier integration with the international community, the former wanted her daughter to become an integrated talent early Dad, when it was a rude awakening.
the situation is still evolving. occasionally there is no overtime and the wife home early and found her looking at the yellow cartoon. his wife was furious, and he took it to a wooden brush. daughter not motionless as they used to play any of my mother, but all of a sudden my mother onto the bed, leaving themselves open the door, away for a week.
children, we are your children's education to a third country
failure at least shows the incompetence of parents in education. Although these parents emphasize their children in terms of education, devoted much effort and spent much effort.
after the failure of family education, and parents want to remain silent and try to hide. But school teachers often call the company to the sweet father, because his father is the child's Dad also came with a sweet, said sweet start taking drugs, start smoking a Japanese called Non-line of girls', can be regarded as' bad girl 'was. send it back. I heard this lady after the tears, said: die. return, I commit suicide! Visa problems occur.
people, ah, when he was not able to return to their home country, can not stay in the country want to stay down, his inner pain is inexpressible.
people, ah, when he because of the failure of family education, and have lost running, he will never in the history of Zenghui increasingly more time to move, parents can not help but feel a sense of joy; when this piece along with the passage of time and increasingly run-down when the parents have a sense of loss Mingxinkegu.
hard life , toil I, their modicum of success, what about the boy did not fulfill its wish to become their own eyes people look forward to this bitter state of mind how to express?
they decide, resolutely decided to give up their own in Japan's Tokyo Women
few days ago, they called me to dinner. up with work, I naturally have to refuse. However, the man said: Do not say that, to welcome him to Canada to see us. went to their house.
corporal punishment, lonely hearts not to wilderness
sweet home, the topic will begin from the sweet.
when the couple left China that year, the only child is in elementary school sweet stay in Shanghai. usual, the children lived in the old lady on Saturday, the children picked up by my grandmother, brings back Monday morning.
sweet mother is fashionable to send women, child care has always been a priority over work. in China it is the case, Ningkenduojia days classes, is not willing to bring a day of children at home. so alienated some of the child and mother nature. Dad does, how very loved his daughter, can pay money, but very few can afford the time. like One would like also, whether in China or in Japan, to pay money for both children and young father to pay the time, I fear, very few.
later, the couple take off together in Japan, a master's Take to, employer and have found the sweet high school also received from Japan.
However, my mother found that sweet body of the go out to eat hamburgers, KFC, on the family thing, to quit to quit, who seem to grow with a lazy muscle.
impetuous mother, will inevitably have to reprove her. sweet and do not talk back, but did not think of my mother . anxious, mother hands, so he took a brush wooden brush suit, according to her daughter's ass showered down play. sweet and do not leave, either mother enjoy playing, ;, is not mercy. Sometimes, my mother kneeling so sweet, did not expect her to kneel down easy, let her stand up, kneel down harder than her, there are often begged her mother to stand up to the scene.
When the corporal punishment of the daughter called side, meal stern rebuke, the last is always so sweet to play against the full-length mirror his own mouth. When the sweet refused to do so, my father beat his own mouth, and said: shame to have such a daughter, Mei Lianxian people. himself in a room inside, like a lady and the grandmother wrote. Sometimes, my father found his daughter's pillow is wet in the morning, bathed in tears. It appears that this child is full of lonely hearts.
advised wife, add a little less class, and even persuaded his wife to dismiss the work, simply stay home with their daughter. When such couples talking, wife ask: Why do not you do that? dismiss my work for children, children grow up, What can I do? to that time, you have a career, children get married, what can I do?
this problem not only in a Chinese family. The Chinese people going abroad to bring a new future Family confused, and have not a satisfactory answer.
away from home, young girls youth against
family, gradually vanish in corporal punishment. parents that corporal punishment is good for the children to do corporal punishment of children to their parents from the heart of hatred. the specific performance is formed between daughter and parents, changes after high school. early in the morning, sweet to the bathroom busy for half an hour, no make-up traces of the surface, but also make-up than the real time-consuming. school, you can forget to bring textbooks, But that side mirror and the little comb, but not forgotten over time.
and parents do not talk sweet, and students playing the telephone, often more than an hour. home phone bills, each In thirty thousand yen every month or more. Suddenly, the phone one month more than 10 million yen, the father to find the telephone office and ask them is not wrong, the result sent a schedule of people, ah ? original sweet playing phone sex.
daughter grew up without knowing really. Dad through this thing, that does not resort to daughter. Mom it, indifference to the father: is your daughter, you think of a way of education, at the station waiting for her to meet her. Well, let her go this way, when the father wanted to bear down, the school teacher called and said, Dad had some wits, patience and daughter talk, but sweet and told him: If there is no boyfriend in the class, students will be looked down upon; boyfriend if not more than two, will be the students that there is no charm; if the present a virgin, will be the students laugh. She also asked the father: statement. He began to regret, regret premature daughter is full of temptation into the flower of Japan, the former wanted to open her eye as soon as possible, the original wanted her daughter earlier integration with the international community, the former wanted her daughter to become an integrated talent early Dad, when it was a rude awakening.
the situation is still evolving. occasionally there is no overtime and the wife home early and found her looking at the yellow cartoon. his wife was furious, and he took it to a wooden brush. daughter not motionless as they used to play any of my mother, but all of a sudden my mother onto the bed, leaving themselves open the door, away for a week.
children, we are your children's education to a third country
failure at least shows the incompetence of parents in education. Although these parents emphasize their children in terms of education, devoted much effort and spent much effort.
after the failure of family education, and parents want to remain silent and try to hide. But school teachers often call the company to the sweet father, because his father is the child's Dad also came with a sweet, said sweet start taking drugs, start smoking a Japanese called Non-line of girls', can be regarded as' bad girl 'was. send it back. I heard this lady after the tears, said: die. return, I commit suicide! Visa problems occur.
people, ah, when he was not able to return to their home country, can not stay in the country want to stay down, his inner pain is inexpressible.
people, ah, when he because of the failure of family education, and have lost running, he will never in the history of Zenghui increasingly more time to move, parents can not help but feel a sense of joy; when this piece along with the passage of time and increasingly run-down when the parents have a sense of loss Mingxinkegu.
hard life , toil I, their modicum of success, what about the boy did not fulfill its wish to become their own eyes people look forward to this bitter state of mind how to express?
they decide, resolutely decided to give up their own in Japan's Tokyo Women
Sunday, December 26, 2010
gain the initiative in the uncertainty
Gain the initiative in the uncertainty observed two single-Yu Qing
Premier Wen Jiabao's human attention, price, housing, finance, social security, a series of livelihood-related topics affecting the people.
8% growth in the consumer price index (CPI) rose at 4.8% of the registered urban unemployment rate at 4.5%.
We note that the increase of the CPI and the unemployment rate does not set a clear goal value, but added the the upper limit of less than 3% mmCPI increase, the registered urban unemployment rate at 4.6%.
can say that the space reserved for flexibility is based on domestic and international economic situation, considering the choice of a variety of factors.
In recent years, uncertainties in the international economic environment and potential risks have increased. This year, changes in the development of domestic and international situation that we face many new challenges and risks. China's economic and social development, internal and external environment, there are significant uncertainties are sex. affect exports weakening external demand, coupled with the implementation of the new Labor Contract Law will inevitably lead to a change in the unemployment rate .2007, in the implementation of price controls, not the introduction of the established resource products and public utilities under the premise of price policy, CPI rise 4.8% CPI increase of .2008 in 2007 to control the level, the task is arduous. To do this, set in 2008 about 4.8% CPI increase is expected to control objectives, showing the grim reality of the government in the face of the active and calm when .
this initiative, in the macro-control and direction of fiscal and monetary policies, there is also shown.
prudent fiscal policy and tight monetary policy. is to prevent economic growth from becoming overheated, to prevent structural price increases from evolving into significant inflation as the primary task of macroeconomic regulation.
thin body odor, which end of last year's Central Economic Work Conference, the same strain. However, the report makes clear, given the current economic situation at home and abroad quite a few uncertainties, we must closely track and analyze new situations and problems into consideration, from reality, take timely and flexible manner measures, correctly grasp the rhythm of macro-control, focus and intensity to maintain stable and rapid economic development and avoid big ups and downs.
on monetary policy to the end of the central economic work conference, 2008, policy and tight monetary policy, over ten years of the implementation of prudent monetary policy. Prior to that, in accordance with the June 13 State Council executive meeting held in the deployment, under the premise of adhering to prudent monetary policy to appropriate control of the money put in the signal, showing the discretionary control policy initiative, flexibility.
the , SMEs, independent innovation, energy saving, regional development and other aspects of lending support. continue to implement prudent fiscal policies, fiscal policy continuity and stability, give full play to finance development in promoting structural adjustment and the important role of coordination, to increase the weak links, improve people's livelihood and deepen reform of the expenditure; the same time, further reducing budget deficit and long-term construction treasury bonds. This year, the central budget will allocate 180 billion yuan deficit, 65.0 billion less than last year.
changes in the external environment, including the occasion in recent months, many foreign institutions and scholars have suggested that China put more money to stimulate the economy to compensate for economic growth downward gap. and the government budget report, the central budget deficit in 2007 was 0.8%. in accordance with the expected 2008 GDP growth of 8% target, which means 2008 the deficit rate will drop to lowest level in nearly ten years, close to the central fiscal revenue and expenditure balance. This is an indirect reflection of > We know, uncertainty refers to the economic actors in advance can not accurately know the result of some decision-making. or, as long as the economic actors may be the result of a decision-making more than one, it will create uncertainty. In economics, uncertainty about the risk management concept, referring to economic agents about the future state of the economy (especially the gains and losses) of the distribution and status can not really know.
the report, as Premier Wen said, With economic globalization, China's economy becomes increasingly tied to the world economy. The current global economic imbalances, growth is slowing, international competition is more intense; U.S. subprime mortgage crisis spread, the weak dollar, international financial increased market risk; the international market food prices, oil and other commodity prices remain high; trade protectionism is increasing and trade frictions have increased; some political factors of international economic trends on the world can not be ignored. These are likely to bring economic development to China adversely affected. China is in a critical period of reform and development should be fully prepared to deal with a variety of changes in the international environment to prepare and improve the ability to prevent risks.
Mark. Marcus Aurelius's grasp and use of the strategy is pre-lofty. We have good reason to hope, in the strong determination and practical efforts to improve the uncertainty of the current government greater certainty in the realize the economic and social development goals and tasks .
Premier Wen Jiabao's human attention, price, housing, finance, social security, a series of livelihood-related topics affecting the people.
8% growth in the consumer price index (CPI) rose at 4.8% of the registered urban unemployment rate at 4.5%.
We note that the increase of the CPI and the unemployment rate does not set a clear goal value, but added the the upper limit of less than 3% mmCPI increase, the registered urban unemployment rate at 4.6%.
can say that the space reserved for flexibility is based on domestic and international economic situation, considering the choice of a variety of factors.
In recent years, uncertainties in the international economic environment and potential risks have increased. This year, changes in the development of domestic and international situation that we face many new challenges and risks. China's economic and social development, internal and external environment, there are significant uncertainties are sex. affect exports weakening external demand, coupled with the implementation of the new Labor Contract Law will inevitably lead to a change in the unemployment rate .2007, in the implementation of price controls, not the introduction of the established resource products and public utilities under the premise of price policy, CPI rise 4.8% CPI increase of .2008 in 2007 to control the level, the task is arduous. To do this, set in 2008 about 4.8% CPI increase is expected to control objectives, showing the grim reality of the government in the face of the active and calm when .
this initiative, in the macro-control and direction of fiscal and monetary policies, there is also shown.
prudent fiscal policy and tight monetary policy. is to prevent economic growth from becoming overheated, to prevent structural price increases from evolving into significant inflation as the primary task of macroeconomic regulation.
thin body odor, which end of last year's Central Economic Work Conference, the same strain. However, the report makes clear, given the current economic situation at home and abroad quite a few uncertainties, we must closely track and analyze new situations and problems into consideration, from reality, take timely and flexible manner measures, correctly grasp the rhythm of macro-control, focus and intensity to maintain stable and rapid economic development and avoid big ups and downs.
on monetary policy to the end of the central economic work conference, 2008, policy and tight monetary policy, over ten years of the implementation of prudent monetary policy. Prior to that, in accordance with the June 13 State Council executive meeting held in the deployment, under the premise of adhering to prudent monetary policy to appropriate control of the money put in the signal, showing the discretionary control policy initiative, flexibility.
the , SMEs, independent innovation, energy saving, regional development and other aspects of lending support. continue to implement prudent fiscal policies, fiscal policy continuity and stability, give full play to finance development in promoting structural adjustment and the important role of coordination, to increase the weak links, improve people's livelihood and deepen reform of the expenditure; the same time, further reducing budget deficit and long-term construction treasury bonds. This year, the central budget will allocate 180 billion yuan deficit, 65.0 billion less than last year.
changes in the external environment, including the occasion in recent months, many foreign institutions and scholars have suggested that China put more money to stimulate the economy to compensate for economic growth downward gap. and the government budget report, the central budget deficit in 2007 was 0.8%. in accordance with the expected 2008 GDP growth of 8% target, which means 2008 the deficit rate will drop to lowest level in nearly ten years, close to the central fiscal revenue and expenditure balance. This is an indirect reflection of > We know, uncertainty refers to the economic actors in advance can not accurately know the result of some decision-making. or, as long as the economic actors may be the result of a decision-making more than one, it will create uncertainty. In economics, uncertainty about the risk management concept, referring to economic agents about the future state of the economy (especially the gains and losses) of the distribution and status can not really know.
the report, as Premier Wen said, With economic globalization, China's economy becomes increasingly tied to the world economy. The current global economic imbalances, growth is slowing, international competition is more intense; U.S. subprime mortgage crisis spread, the weak dollar, international financial increased market risk; the international market food prices, oil and other commodity prices remain high; trade protectionism is increasing and trade frictions have increased; some political factors of international economic trends on the world can not be ignored. These are likely to bring economic development to China adversely affected. China is in a critical period of reform and development should be fully prepared to deal with a variety of changes in the international environment to prepare and improve the ability to prevent risks.
Mark. Marcus Aurelius's grasp and use of the strategy is pre-lofty. We have good reason to hope, in the strong determination and practical efforts to improve the uncertainty of the current government greater certainty in the realize the economic and social development goals and tasks .
Wednesday, December 22, 2010
People answering posts Freshmen
People answering posts
Freshmen Transfer from: World Congress
from today, you're China, a member of the family of the People's University, and first of all, let's let the people to simply look at how the university is a The school now! the following tips you will learn the next four years in Congress often heard in life.
Features: humanities and social sciences research-based comprehensive national key university
predecessor: 1937 birth in the flames of the Northern War Public School, and later the University of North China and North China Union University was formally established
: December 16, 1949, the Central People's Government Administration Council of the eleventh session of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau Chief proposal adopted the Principal: famous educator Yuzhang, Ch'eng, Yuan Baohua, Huang Da, Li Wenhai served as president. incumbent president, Professor Ji, Party Secretary to Professor Cheng Tianquan.
Training Goal:
educational philosophy: > Our goal: to turn our schools into a Airport MRT line to ride the 10th Huangzhuang (walk to the NPC East Gate) or Suzhou Street (walk to the NPC Simon), the.
Nanyuan Airport: From the Xihongmen Road East Exit, take the 676 road trip (group Hebei Village - Changchunjie crossing West), transfer 717 in the Grandmaster road trip north (east CaiHuYing - Dongbeiwang Road), arrived in the People's University. about 27.51 km
West Station: the station after the signs go under After the walk, find the bus station, take the 320 road or get off the People's University Special 6 to reach the East Gate or take the 374 Road to the NPC Simon.
Beijing Railway Station: Beijing out to the subway station, take Metro Line 2 (Loop ) to Xizhimen, then take bus, take the Express 106,105,205 to the People's University of East Gate Road or take 651 or 26 Road to the People's University Simon.
Beijing South Railway Station: Take the special Wanquanhe Road 5 to reach the next Simon National People's Congress, or take the tram 102, 320 in the transfer to the People's University Ganjiakou East Gate
Beijing North Railway Station: Take the 106 to the People's University Express or take the 651 Road to Wanquanhe Road, down to Simon.
in strange place travel, remember that learn to use Baidu's map, enter , where the Beijing public transportation card for students card method, the Beijing subway and bus lines in the introduction, etc., where you can not use the tickets for sale, put forward various issues related with the trip.
NPC inside the school into the floor with Yin Hotel, standard room is about three hundred Simon from school into the right hand side is the telephone. In addition, there are young people in the east 3rd floor apartment, set days of snacks next to guest house, the price is relatively cheap.
Second, the Chinese people around the university campus accommodation accommodation
following table:
Hotel Name Contact Address
earth ������� Avenue Garden Hotel Majestic Gold
35, Renmin University of South Anhui Hotel < br> FX Hotel North Fourth Ring Road, Haidian District, No. 68 (south of the North Fourth Ring Road Haidian Bridge)
States Hotel, North Third Ring Road West, peak A
49 Zhichun Road, Hai Tenda Riverview Hotel Building C,
Associated Press, 36 Main Street
Hotel ������� Inn Beijing Zhongguancun South Street, the Friends of the 1st
CentreStage Equatorial Hotel �������
the 28th South, Haidian District, Wan Long Du Hotel Sutlej Road, Little Green Fields 400
Lung Heung Park House Hotel, Haidian District, south of the bridge, opposite the Chinese People's University Simon Hall Simon Aubin
Sheng North Road, 50 meters west exit of the NPC
century have been Simon Bridge Hotel turn left out of the ocean behind
Double Garment City Haidian District Zhichun Li Fuyuan Hotel Area B, Building 18, Zhongguancun, Haidian District hotels
Shuangyushu 10
Taishi Deng Shuangyushu West Renmin University Inn 200 meters north east gate
Tian Long Yuan Hotel Ring Road, Haidian District, Beijing Yanshan Hotel School 47 School
opposite the East Gate Mall behind contemporary
Yongzheng Business Hotel (Suzhou Street store), Haidian District, Suzhou Street, Friendship Hotel, China
72 Zhongguancun South Street һ��
Third, the Chinese People's University Freshmen military training arrangements
about half a month of military training is the beginning of the University of collective life, let the NPC's military location is the Second Artillery Corps 66058 troops. military training that day, the school will get a lot of buses to be delivered to the ground forces we Kengchikengchi. carrying bedding lay, for there is Lianpan carrying bags, wearing camouflage, is the most classic The shape of the ~ military training military training process may be more difficult, but the first four years of college is definitely the most precious memories, like war, wake up wash, morning run and Chucao, station Junzi, training pace, pulling songs, canteens bread, canteen, pulling songs, emergency sets, vigils, n a n individual one day leading a bath, take the square hh report shows everyone has a day of military training, military training look forward to your good right!
for military training Luggage principles: eat a bit more, a little less wear
English test to be conducted after
Freshmen English placement test and college entrance exams similar kinds of questions, no speaking, and then divided according to test scores classes to learn English in different classes start due to rounding. high-level English classes and complete a first university English courses, the four tests, four tests can enroll through the CET (d CET results to 425 points or more shall pass).
FAQ:
A Q: good students of English in English is relatively poor compared to those students less on one or two semesters of English classes, and that credit count how do?
A: reduced course English classes also count those credits, results automatically recorded as excellent, that is 90 points.
B Q: Four CET how registration?
A: According to their English classes or classes where the uniform Payment of enrollment, the school will give you a unified registration, admission ticket issued to inform the examination of the issues.
C Q: Four What is CET? very important to you?
A: Four, also known as CET CET4 / 6, the College-English-Test, English exams, the Ministry of Education in charge of a national teaching exam. some colleges and universities will require students through the four test in order to graduate, People's University, no such provision, but by four examinations as well as CET, enabling the later to find a job, many employers would make a candidate's English proficiency requirements, and one of the criteria is whether judges CET by four.
NPC a total of five teaching House, respectively, seeking F, Matilda House, and public pedagogy / second / third floor (referred to teach a / b / c), the specific distribution can be found in maps, teaching building is open 7:00-22:00.
room number consists of four numbers, the first number is the teaching building, the second is the number of floors, the last two as a classroom number, for example, 2305 refers to the three public teaching the fifth floor of the classroom. If is seeking a House or Matilda House, will be marked in front of numbers or seeking out the Lord / law / business / country / new words.
need to remind everyone that there are several classes to teach three, location comparison bt, such as the 3106 and 3207, three which are not teaching, but to teach behind the army for three separate two large classrooms, 3101 and 3201 not in the main Road, but east of the teaching building of the corridor through a small hallway behind.
It is worth mentioning that, Matilda House, a specialized company to manage, we manage on what Matilda House, to the World Congress can view the Matilda House version management comments and suggestions put forward their own views, the company will have someone Oh ~
responsible for handling communication Fourth, the Chinese People's University students living in the NPC card
, the campus is probably the most important card. Though we NPC's card is not concern Century House to the camera, this photo is your four years of study and life in the National People's Congress of the photographic documentation, and it will not only appear in your card, the number of the NPC system, you, forty-six Registration Rights, provided that schools need to use place your photograph, it is unshakeable, so when we do remember the camera up and dress up point, when the spirit of the camera points to a standard eight teeth exposed smile.
card issued after the hand can What does?
dinner: big school cafeteria, in addition to the set of days in Southern District, snacks, the meal can brush card.
bath: the card reader plugged into the bathroom, hand Induction will be water under the faucet you, once again to stop the water sensor. library: the library card on the reader at the entrance to the need to place to pass, and take out books from the library card is also required to record.
doctor: go to the school hospital, the cost of medicines is also a brush card, and also mention that our school is a public health, schools, most of the medical fee reimbursement.
access credentials: Card or are we out of school building credentials, let the NPC is a symbol of people as the masters of the supermarket Oh
card: Western supermarkets has implemented the current campus card credit card with you, looking forward to the early realization of the school other supermarkets!
card lost how to do?
Card lost Do not worry, we must first report the loss to the card machine, and then heaven and earth version of the NPC made Lost posts, many students find their own are missing the oh card to the security GG / JJ and schools The card management center there to see if there picked up, it is not only to the card management center to re-apply for a new card, and for the cost of the new card is 30, the water will not the money card, meal card paying the money in, for the new card Lidengkequ, remember to change the password immediately, two hours after the new card can be used.
five, Renmin University of China introduced
campus dining restaurant to eat, than the canteen , the People's University the cafeteria dining is the main place of students, there are 7 big place, you can simply title east, south, west, north, central, left, in Beijing, the whole day. The following brief description of one by one:
East : East to the cafeteria and into the East Gate will soon be seen, a total of two, students in the school campus card can be used for consumption, and a layer of the East Room is open throughout the day, and offers a variety of flavors meals, and a layer of the second floor of West Hall and East Hall only in the normal lunch, dinner time will open part of the mainstream dining. two-story house west contracted the Heli is a good fast Oh, but the price a bit expensive. there is a layer of students behind the home, is a Hunan and Sichuan restaurants, the price is good and tastes good, a small dinner for quarters.
South: Southern canteen, in fact, a restaurant, called the set of days snacks, not a real student canteen. in which only cash payment, which is particularly important, if only with a card, then to an embarrassing position. restaurant thing is also good, especially the spicy pot is recommended , the students like to eat salty taste, you can go to try, is a good choice, there are other flavor snacks, Rice Bowl, cooking, suitable for small gatherings.
West: Western cafeteria, located on the campus of the West face, dormitory buildings in the middle of garden products, is living in the west of the main choice students, one layer of an ordinary student canteen, the use of campus card payment, go one or two to know about the way, the story is Juyou edge restaurant, commercial restaurants, canteens relatively higher price.
North: North canteen, dormitory buildings in the knowing use of campus card spending. like most of the year students will live in the new buildings knowing, So the North is expected to be students canteen main battle site. floor, second floor is a standard canteen, one of which offers breakfast, rich in species, especially the bread, from 1.0 yuan to 2.5 yuan a variety of options , a bit dazzling. cafeteria lunch quite satisfactory, the price is reasonable. three Japanese restaurants are all divided into different regions of the characteristics of the window, students can be a variety of options, but according to local students said, the taste is not very authentic But after all, student canteen Well, request can not be too high.
in: Central cafeteria, located behind the building of scientific research (northwest), is relatively old school cafeteria, a total of three layers, the main structure is as follows: floor, second floor of the East Hall, a student canteen, the use of campus card spending, style a little biased towards the North. layer Court Taste of the west, you can also use the card using cash, a restaurant, taste a bit biased south some more light foods, fine. the second floor of the west is the Muslim restaurant, is the only true sense of the school's Muslim canteens, can use two kinds of card and cash payment model, cafeteria style, natural not saying much , very Northwest characteristics, Xinjiang flavor. Sanceng are catering, said the teachers a place to eat, most of the students is often to go, is a standard restaurant, full range, prices are more reasonable, and there box.
left: the restaurant is the students, the location of Well, in the building next to the students, also known as Temple snacks, you can use campus cards, cash payments, more features, the first Temple snacks, and second, Korean, the City God Temple snacks can still feel the taste, Korean part, though is not authentic, but the taste is good, interested students may wish to try.
Beijing: Beijing-Hong Kong Connection Cafe, you can use two methods of payment, cafeteria located on the Western side (north) mainly in the Rice Bowl, rice noodles, fried dishes, soup-based, is a good restaurant. Bowl inside the full range of options can be used for all of you, too, is a type of rice noodle should taste, to eat almost all kinds of rice noodles, rice noodle, rice noodle students like to eat what you can eat delicious food small, because the price will still be in the range of acceptable and good taste.
day: style restaurant is full, and also the card, cash two kinds of payment methods, in the east of the restaurant, next to the old stadium, which includes fried rice, Rice Bowl, casseroles, all kinds of noodle, rice noodle rice noodle , Mala Tang, etc., species varied, ranging a little can be said. So many choices, but sometimes do not know what to eat, and there were a large TV, ah, you can watch TV while eating .
six students in Renmin University of China 3C products to buy to buy a computer with Internet access introduced
from whatever perspective, contemporary computers have become an indispensable part of student life, then Ruxue the beginning, to where computer can access it?
NPC inside the school we have two cafes, a fourth floor in the basement of knowing, to know there is a fourth entry to the east into the downstairs cafe at Leisure World which have a. Another student activity center in the West Hall, live from the school direct access to the west, turn left into the school live in the end the door is required. need to remind everyone, the two Internet cafes are profitable, that is, to fee, three dollars an hour, then there will be benefits for members.
When you become a member of the NPC when congratulate you anyway, the school's computer room to provide free internet access for you! entrance to the main building and Matilda Law Building at the junction of the Matilda vents there, during school hours and into the basement, to produce a valid document, you can enjoy free internet friends.
course, go out there online all the inconveniences, the best thing is to have own computer. then buy a computer that we should pay attention to? see senior students have heard about this place, here known as the Silicon Valley of China, but if you really go to a Zhongguancun, you will surprise, because in fact, you see the Zhongguancun electronics market, a chaotic, noisy , Kengren place. there range of products, adequate supply, but there are huge profits. dangerous place a person to do so easily. If you think you own the strength of a solid foundation, into what is very fun, but the author This is not recommended, especially in mm.
of you for that university, the computer is almost a necessary supplies. Beijing's electronic products is relatively cheap, but the confusion in the market, easy to cheat money by profiteers. First, let me lie about profiteers The main purpose and main motivations:
1, they want to make money, and they love of money
2, students will definitely buy a computer
3, students in 4 years will only buy a computer, do not there will be repeat customers
4, similar to the National People's Congress, Beijing Foreign understand computers and other liberal arts colleges, fewer people understand the market consolidated above the 4:00
main reason profiteers have to be afraid to cheat, a computer earn more the better.
So how do we measure it well and deception?
1, ask to see more and more contact:
in school, there are many computer experts will come and go in the school forum, world NPC, www.tdrd.org / bbs.ruc.edu.cn. in the purchase of computers, be sure to look at several, several more to see, and then gradually according to their own narrow range of needs, and more consultation, more contrast, Finally narrowed it down to 1-3, in the middle of these options, they will do nothing of the profiteers.
2, strong-willed, decisive shot, can not hesitate.
something when you are selected after will buy, this time, no matter profiteers say, you do not believe that he bought the wrong choice of their own, if they tour ���� profiteers, and that, but nothing can be done, the complaints do not have any effect. So their will must be very firm, no matter what profiteers say, must stays.
These are two most important things in detail the content, please visit our school forum world people's congresses, in the hardware world forum where there will be described in detail, there will be more older students answers and some reference in the recommendations.
have their own computers, is not immediately able to access it?'re sorry, we have to complete some steps Internet connection only. First of all, the school you want to install client software, the software has a lot of brothers and sisters, can find their copy, and then install it. Of course, you can also go to I mentioned before, Matilda House, room to , where the center of the school network staff will help you install. Also, if your computer is a problem client, the symptoms appear unable to get online, you can also find them oh repair client software installed, you will need a user name and password to log in, the user name is your student number, the initial password is 123456, we must remember that change in time to avoid being stolen, because the school network is to be charged. Internet access fees paid by a Cartoon machine to complete the prompts to complete payment on the page to access the network through a client. So the Internet is the fee for the traffic and what relationship? we can log in to
there is a good computer, the computer inside resources are also very important, software, movies come from? school campus network is based on traffic charges, and once over, and that price should be expensive than bar hh So never count traffic site to download the file, it is particularly important . then the school where I can find the resources do not count traffic?
seven students in Renmin University of China, and entertainment needs of daily life described
pharmacy: for we, the most expensive hospital pharmacies should be the school grounds mm is very simple Let's enjoy free medical care, schools, a considerable part to the reimbursement of medical expenses:) Of course, knowing the fifth floor of the basement of the Golden Elephant Pharmacy, opposite the East Gate, Haidian large pharmacy can buy drugs, some commonly used drugs in the dormitory equipment, or very necessary, take preventive measures Well
Post: The post office and mail room at the new entrance clearly marked on the map notes, letters will be distributed to all quarters of the mailbox downstairs quarters, if it is wrapped, then wrapped with his or her to the east gate to receive a single mail room.
bookstores: Museum of campus bookstores are located in the west side of the NPC Press century reader service department, in the area east of the macro way canteen bookstore, knowing the fourth floor of the basement of the poor Venda Bookstore and the seventh floor of the west side of the cool wind state bookstore. In addition, school districts are equipped with the press, the students were also very easy to buy newspapers and magazines, newsagents also sell phone cards mobile phone recharge cards oh ~
barber shop: Eastern bathroom a beauty salon, knows there are four ground floor barber shop, the NPC, there are many around the barber shop, people pay for students outside the Army of the West, outside the east gate of the old barber shop and so on a regular CD in the world version of the NPC's PPMM They can often be seen on the mm on all aspects of various barber shops comparison, and also welcomes 08 of the younger, to participate in our discussions, see Shijie Men hair up before you comment on the barber shop, and my heart will always end a bit.
optical shops: Knowing the fifth floor of the basement has a optical shop, turn left out of Simon also has optical shops, often sent people to the cafeteria door advertising optical shops, there will be activities free cleaning lenses, etc., we all can look at.
photo shop: supermarket next to the Central District and the Central cafeteria next to the museum have a photograph, the school posted pictures of the occasion required, or a lot, and suggest that you first according to the standard color photos, a few one inch on the washing carry, in particular, to remind you that the camera after a U disk must remember to take one electronic copy, as often required by the electronic format photos.
KTV: K, near the school can sing with a lot of places, the East Gate right, there is Melody and music saint, the Simon right, there are songs of God and 17 miles, these places can get a student card, to sing when I remember to bring students K permit to enjoy the preferential treatment, if he did not Membership cards can also go to pop music version to follow through on a senior Shijie Men, we are happy to pop in here to discuss, but also often invited the faithful version of the station to sing along with it
eight, Renmin University of China Student Affairs
many school organizations, in which the students more closely and make the teaching must have Office, but closer still teaching at various colleges, the College Youth League office.
College Youth League: Each school Communist Youth League, are concentrating on the backbone of student work. students to learn, work, scholarships, apply for something, what the school informed of major events, registration, often through the Communist Youth League to each college and the majority of the students in contact. The Communist Youth League School teachers, most graduates are also brothers and sisters before the students familiar with the work, but also, and more than contact with students.
faculty Department: responsible for education of students. Course , arranging tables, query results, change, etc., and students learn is the most close to a department in the credits, courses, and so did not understand the problem, but also a lot to teach at the consultation.
School which some These institutions also have a corresponding school of these institutions. However, there is no school organizations so closely with the students.
school institutions, the most commonly used is the Office of Academic Affairs may also, but these are used online, such as test registration, course selection, what applications commonly used in schools ... Here are telephone numbers and addresses of institutions Oh, maybe for all of us.
1, Renmin University of China School Office:, located at Matilda House 13 floors.
2, Renmin University of China Office of Academic Affairs: Academic Research Building B, 501-612 Tel: 62515217
3, enrollment and employment at: General Office 6251214, located at 4 North 6th floor cafeteria, security Office: Tel 62511073, office locations in the swimming pool of the 3 layers.
5, Logistics Group: Tel 62511355, address, student activity center in the northwest.
6, the Treasury: Office Tel 62515236/62516582, office is located in a layer of 0104 Research Building B, Room IX, the experience of China People's University students seem to dwell
candidates in the third year of the hard eyes of college means having to learn to play all day. This view from a side reflects the university's learning and the different high schools, it is mainly a self-learning university, with no annoying all day with teachers and parents to urge you in the ass later learn, but the sisters are here to remind you studying at the university which is still quite important, on the one hand, the university is a person in a good environment for a long time to learn the best stage of the system, even after the work is also bound by the desire to learn the limitations of reality, the use of four University of years time, more books, read good books, graduated four years of mediocrity you will not regret it, but on the other hand, scoring a direct impact on your future life choices, security research, go abroad to be see your academic years of college, some employers will also point applicants to make the learning performance requirements, and also to seriously study for the Graduate Examination usually laid a good foundation. Whether you choose which of four years, good grades will give you an added advantage.
then entered the university after learning it would be any different?
elective exam papers
First of all, the school requires students only class + final exam (part of the Course work usually have a small number of subjects midterm exam), no earlier study up, there is no tutorial. usually a lecture, reading to the end of overtime overnight test, is quite a lot of state university students. should be said that some of the subjects did not the whole days of looking at the necessary exam back back on the line, but you can learn some of the subjects are not cramming, such as calculus, usually more questions must be on time to work independently, or in trouble hanging test, test hanging branches will affect the title and scholarship competitions, security research and a series of problems, from this perspective, is very important to learn drop ~ Of course, make good use of library resources is crucial, it is recommended you get a After the first go wandering cruise cartoon library, we look at the distribution of school library collections, and if the library have any comments or suggestions, we all can go to heaven and earth response to the NPC library forum, there will be a teacher library patience to answer them.
Second, the university course you have some right to choose, in general, universities are divided into compulsory and elective courses, the school will arrange for all the students have the courses, where you The School will arrange required courses based on professional, the other may be an elective course on the class together, usually determined by the head teacher which repair course, these are the people given equal, and the rest of the school elective courses is can choose the the. end of each semester will have one week for your elective, the school will offer an optional course catalog, you can choose, of course, the number of classes of each course is limited, so it can be that the elective system is a two-way selection, course selection is not enough light, you may choose your class, this standard is randomly chosen you, if you are lucky you may choose the four pundits on the lessons we NPC, and if bad luck did not choose the words it does not matter, there is a word called lesson that the classroom is not overcrowded ah hh elective After the success of the first week of second semester stage for the lyrics, you can withdraw from the election if not satisfied, you can also change classes, it is willing to tell you where to find classes for students too!
again, the university's performance value ;, and affect your overall academic performance, grade point that learning is cumulative. In here we have to introduce a new concept of a mm Grade Credit (GPA). Grade? Point? Average, grade point average, which is the average learning results mean. credit hour to 4-point scale, 90 percentile points or more are considered different 4,90 under the following paragraphs were translated into three o'clock score a few, two points a few. that the calculation of the total credit hour? Simply to say that the Section GPA multiplied by the sum of the product of scientific sub-divided by the sum of credits. cite a simple example, such as our course a total of only two, one in English a mathematics, English is 3 credits, 4 credits in mathematics , a classmate he had 88 points English test, math had 95 points, then 88 hours for results is that 3.7,95 change in more than 90 points for the GPA is 4, the total credit hour is (3.7 * 3 +4 * 4 ) / (3 +4). Of course, in reality, we definitely want to repair more than two classes, English and mathematics in the National People's Congress Xu points are also 4. in the report card, grades and subjects will be given in this Section you get the GPA and this semester your grade point averages and cumulative from the first semester of freshman year to the current overall grade point credit.
turn professional security research articles
Some students may be due to various reasons, do not like now this profession, want to go to other school professional learning. freshman sophomore transfer of professional conduct in general, there will be some transfer of professional achievement in the hard and fast rules, such as credit hour up to a certain grade point, there is no cheating and other phenomena linked to Section and so on, then need to turn professional applications made to obtain the consent of School, through certain tests, and ultimately changed to a new profession. This process will be very hard, suggest that you have to before the turn professional for information as often as possible, careful selection of .
layman's terms, the NPC study the current insurance policy is . Specifically, the students where the faculty based on academic performance, learning ability and social work, pushing the three applications for exemption of some indicators of students Scores sort in descending order by rank, take over security research places a certain percentage of students to participate Paul study examinations, including written tests and interviews, and ultimately accepted. If you want to protect research, then, we must first strive for a good comprehensive evaluation of results, that is, to the first 6 semester GPA, research and learning abilities and social achievements that efforts of the three.
Kaoyan with the entrance like: registration, according to the specified test bibliographic review, take a written examination, to enter the list after re-examination of the written test and interview to participate in re-examination, the last recorded ...
Freshmen Transfer from: World Congress
from today, you're China, a member of the family of the People's University, and first of all, let's let the people to simply look at how the university is a The school now! the following tips you will learn the next four years in Congress often heard in life.
Features: humanities and social sciences research-based comprehensive national key university
predecessor: 1937 birth in the flames of the Northern War Public School, and later the University of North China and North China Union University was formally established
: December 16, 1949, the Central People's Government Administration Council of the eleventh session of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau Chief proposal adopted the Principal: famous educator Yuzhang, Ch'eng, Yuan Baohua, Huang Da, Li Wenhai served as president. incumbent president, Professor Ji, Party Secretary to Professor Cheng Tianquan.
Training Goal:
educational philosophy: > Our goal: to turn our schools into a Airport MRT line to ride the 10th Huangzhuang (walk to the NPC East Gate) or Suzhou Street (walk to the NPC Simon), the.
Nanyuan Airport: From the Xihongmen Road East Exit, take the 676 road trip (group Hebei Village - Changchunjie crossing West), transfer 717 in the Grandmaster road trip north (east CaiHuYing - Dongbeiwang Road), arrived in the People's University. about 27.51 km
West Station: the station after the signs go under After the walk, find the bus station, take the 320 road or get off the People's University Special 6 to reach the East Gate or take the 374 Road to the NPC Simon.
Beijing Railway Station: Beijing out to the subway station, take Metro Line 2 (Loop ) to Xizhimen, then take bus, take the Express 106,105,205 to the People's University of East Gate Road or take 651 or 26 Road to the People's University Simon.
Beijing South Railway Station: Take the special Wanquanhe Road 5 to reach the next Simon National People's Congress, or take the tram 102, 320 in the transfer to the People's University Ganjiakou East Gate
Beijing North Railway Station: Take the 106 to the People's University Express or take the 651 Road to Wanquanhe Road, down to Simon.
in strange place travel, remember that learn to use Baidu's map, enter , where the Beijing public transportation card for students card method, the Beijing subway and bus lines in the introduction, etc., where you can not use the tickets for sale, put forward various issues related with the trip.
NPC inside the school into the floor with Yin Hotel, standard room is about three hundred Simon from school into the right hand side is the telephone. In addition, there are young people in the east 3rd floor apartment, set days of snacks next to guest house, the price is relatively cheap.
Second, the Chinese people around the university campus accommodation accommodation
following table:
Hotel Name Contact Address
earth ������� Avenue Garden Hotel Majestic Gold
35, Renmin University of South Anhui Hotel < br> FX Hotel North Fourth Ring Road, Haidian District, No. 68 (south of the North Fourth Ring Road Haidian Bridge)
States Hotel, North Third Ring Road West, peak A
49 Zhichun Road, Hai Tenda Riverview Hotel Building C,
Associated Press, 36 Main Street
Hotel ������� Inn Beijing Zhongguancun South Street, the Friends of the 1st
CentreStage Equatorial Hotel �������
the 28th South, Haidian District, Wan Long Du Hotel Sutlej Road, Little Green Fields 400
Lung Heung Park House Hotel, Haidian District, south of the bridge, opposite the Chinese People's University Simon Hall Simon Aubin
Sheng North Road, 50 meters west exit of the NPC
century have been Simon Bridge Hotel turn left out of the ocean behind
Double Garment City Haidian District Zhichun Li Fuyuan Hotel Area B, Building 18, Zhongguancun, Haidian District hotels
Shuangyushu 10
Taishi Deng Shuangyushu West Renmin University Inn 200 meters north east gate
Tian Long Yuan Hotel Ring Road, Haidian District, Beijing Yanshan Hotel School 47 School
opposite the East Gate Mall behind contemporary
Yongzheng Business Hotel (Suzhou Street store), Haidian District, Suzhou Street, Friendship Hotel, China
72 Zhongguancun South Street һ��
Third, the Chinese People's University Freshmen military training arrangements
about half a month of military training is the beginning of the University of collective life, let the NPC's military location is the Second Artillery Corps 66058 troops. military training that day, the school will get a lot of buses to be delivered to the ground forces we Kengchikengchi. carrying bedding lay, for there is Lianpan carrying bags, wearing camouflage, is the most classic The shape of the ~ military training military training process may be more difficult, but the first four years of college is definitely the most precious memories, like war, wake up wash, morning run and Chucao, station Junzi, training pace, pulling songs, canteens bread, canteen, pulling songs, emergency sets, vigils, n a n individual one day leading a bath, take the square hh report shows everyone has a day of military training, military training look forward to your good right!
for military training Luggage principles: eat a bit more, a little less wear
English test to be conducted after
Freshmen English placement test and college entrance exams similar kinds of questions, no speaking, and then divided according to test scores classes to learn English in different classes start due to rounding. high-level English classes and complete a first university English courses, the four tests, four tests can enroll through the CET (d CET results to 425 points or more shall pass).
FAQ:
A Q: good students of English in English is relatively poor compared to those students less on one or two semesters of English classes, and that credit count how do?
A: reduced course English classes also count those credits, results automatically recorded as excellent, that is 90 points.
B Q: Four CET how registration?
A: According to their English classes or classes where the uniform Payment of enrollment, the school will give you a unified registration, admission ticket issued to inform the examination of the issues.
C Q: Four What is CET? very important to you?
A: Four, also known as CET CET4 / 6, the College-English-Test, English exams, the Ministry of Education in charge of a national teaching exam. some colleges and universities will require students through the four test in order to graduate, People's University, no such provision, but by four examinations as well as CET, enabling the later to find a job, many employers would make a candidate's English proficiency requirements, and one of the criteria is whether judges CET by four.
NPC a total of five teaching House, respectively, seeking F, Matilda House, and public pedagogy / second / third floor (referred to teach a / b / c), the specific distribution can be found in maps, teaching building is open 7:00-22:00.
room number consists of four numbers, the first number is the teaching building, the second is the number of floors, the last two as a classroom number, for example, 2305 refers to the three public teaching the fifth floor of the classroom. If is seeking a House or Matilda House, will be marked in front of numbers or seeking out the Lord / law / business / country / new words.
need to remind everyone that there are several classes to teach three, location comparison bt, such as the 3106 and 3207, three which are not teaching, but to teach behind the army for three separate two large classrooms, 3101 and 3201 not in the main Road, but east of the teaching building of the corridor through a small hallway behind.
It is worth mentioning that, Matilda House, a specialized company to manage, we manage on what Matilda House, to the World Congress can view the Matilda House version management comments and suggestions put forward their own views, the company will have someone Oh ~
responsible for handling communication Fourth, the Chinese People's University students living in the NPC card
, the campus is probably the most important card. Though we NPC's card is not concern Century House to the camera, this photo is your four years of study and life in the National People's Congress of the photographic documentation, and it will not only appear in your card, the number of the NPC system, you, forty-six Registration Rights, provided that schools need to use place your photograph, it is unshakeable, so when we do remember the camera up and dress up point, when the spirit of the camera points to a standard eight teeth exposed smile.
card issued after the hand can What does?
dinner: big school cafeteria, in addition to the set of days in Southern District, snacks, the meal can brush card.
bath: the card reader plugged into the bathroom, hand Induction will be water under the faucet you, once again to stop the water sensor. library: the library card on the reader at the entrance to the need to place to pass, and take out books from the library card is also required to record.
doctor: go to the school hospital, the cost of medicines is also a brush card, and also mention that our school is a public health, schools, most of the medical fee reimbursement.
access credentials: Card or are we out of school building credentials, let the NPC is a symbol of people as the masters of the supermarket Oh
card: Western supermarkets has implemented the current campus card credit card with you, looking forward to the early realization of the school other supermarkets!
card lost how to do?
Card lost Do not worry, we must first report the loss to the card machine, and then heaven and earth version of the NPC made Lost posts, many students find their own are missing the oh card to the security GG / JJ and schools The card management center there to see if there picked up, it is not only to the card management center to re-apply for a new card, and for the cost of the new card is 30, the water will not the money card, meal card paying the money in, for the new card Lidengkequ, remember to change the password immediately, two hours after the new card can be used.
five, Renmin University of China introduced
campus dining restaurant to eat, than the canteen , the People's University the cafeteria dining is the main place of students, there are 7 big place, you can simply title east, south, west, north, central, left, in Beijing, the whole day. The following brief description of one by one:
East : East to the cafeteria and into the East Gate will soon be seen, a total of two, students in the school campus card can be used for consumption, and a layer of the East Room is open throughout the day, and offers a variety of flavors meals, and a layer of the second floor of West Hall and East Hall only in the normal lunch, dinner time will open part of the mainstream dining. two-story house west contracted the Heli is a good fast Oh, but the price a bit expensive. there is a layer of students behind the home, is a Hunan and Sichuan restaurants, the price is good and tastes good, a small dinner for quarters.
South: Southern canteen, in fact, a restaurant, called the set of days snacks, not a real student canteen. in which only cash payment, which is particularly important, if only with a card, then to an embarrassing position. restaurant thing is also good, especially the spicy pot is recommended , the students like to eat salty taste, you can go to try, is a good choice, there are other flavor snacks, Rice Bowl, cooking, suitable for small gatherings.
West: Western cafeteria, located on the campus of the West face, dormitory buildings in the middle of garden products, is living in the west of the main choice students, one layer of an ordinary student canteen, the use of campus card payment, go one or two to know about the way, the story is Juyou edge restaurant, commercial restaurants, canteens relatively higher price.
North: North canteen, dormitory buildings in the knowing use of campus card spending. like most of the year students will live in the new buildings knowing, So the North is expected to be students canteen main battle site. floor, second floor is a standard canteen, one of which offers breakfast, rich in species, especially the bread, from 1.0 yuan to 2.5 yuan a variety of options , a bit dazzling. cafeteria lunch quite satisfactory, the price is reasonable. three Japanese restaurants are all divided into different regions of the characteristics of the window, students can be a variety of options, but according to local students said, the taste is not very authentic But after all, student canteen Well, request can not be too high.
in: Central cafeteria, located behind the building of scientific research (northwest), is relatively old school cafeteria, a total of three layers, the main structure is as follows: floor, second floor of the East Hall, a student canteen, the use of campus card spending, style a little biased towards the North. layer Court Taste of the west, you can also use the card using cash, a restaurant, taste a bit biased south some more light foods, fine. the second floor of the west is the Muslim restaurant, is the only true sense of the school's Muslim canteens, can use two kinds of card and cash payment model, cafeteria style, natural not saying much , very Northwest characteristics, Xinjiang flavor. Sanceng are catering, said the teachers a place to eat, most of the students is often to go, is a standard restaurant, full range, prices are more reasonable, and there box.
left: the restaurant is the students, the location of Well, in the building next to the students, also known as Temple snacks, you can use campus cards, cash payments, more features, the first Temple snacks, and second, Korean, the City God Temple snacks can still feel the taste, Korean part, though is not authentic, but the taste is good, interested students may wish to try.
Beijing: Beijing-Hong Kong Connection Cafe, you can use two methods of payment, cafeteria located on the Western side (north) mainly in the Rice Bowl, rice noodles, fried dishes, soup-based, is a good restaurant. Bowl inside the full range of options can be used for all of you, too, is a type of rice noodle should taste, to eat almost all kinds of rice noodles, rice noodle, rice noodle students like to eat what you can eat delicious food small, because the price will still be in the range of acceptable and good taste.
day: style restaurant is full, and also the card, cash two kinds of payment methods, in the east of the restaurant, next to the old stadium, which includes fried rice, Rice Bowl, casseroles, all kinds of noodle, rice noodle rice noodle , Mala Tang, etc., species varied, ranging a little can be said. So many choices, but sometimes do not know what to eat, and there were a large TV, ah, you can watch TV while eating .
six students in Renmin University of China 3C products to buy to buy a computer with Internet access introduced
from whatever perspective, contemporary computers have become an indispensable part of student life, then Ruxue the beginning, to where computer can access it?
NPC inside the school we have two cafes, a fourth floor in the basement of knowing, to know there is a fourth entry to the east into the downstairs cafe at Leisure World which have a. Another student activity center in the West Hall, live from the school direct access to the west, turn left into the school live in the end the door is required. need to remind everyone, the two Internet cafes are profitable, that is, to fee, three dollars an hour, then there will be benefits for members.
When you become a member of the NPC when congratulate you anyway, the school's computer room to provide free internet access for you! entrance to the main building and Matilda Law Building at the junction of the Matilda vents there, during school hours and into the basement, to produce a valid document, you can enjoy free internet friends.
course, go out there online all the inconveniences, the best thing is to have own computer. then buy a computer that we should pay attention to? see senior students have heard about this place, here known as the Silicon Valley of China, but if you really go to a Zhongguancun, you will surprise, because in fact, you see the Zhongguancun electronics market, a chaotic, noisy , Kengren place. there range of products, adequate supply, but there are huge profits. dangerous place a person to do so easily. If you think you own the strength of a solid foundation, into what is very fun, but the author This is not recommended, especially in mm.
of you for that university, the computer is almost a necessary supplies. Beijing's electronic products is relatively cheap, but the confusion in the market, easy to cheat money by profiteers. First, let me lie about profiteers The main purpose and main motivations:
1, they want to make money, and they love of money
2, students will definitely buy a computer
3, students in 4 years will only buy a computer, do not there will be repeat customers
4, similar to the National People's Congress, Beijing Foreign understand computers and other liberal arts colleges, fewer people understand the market consolidated above the 4:00
main reason profiteers have to be afraid to cheat, a computer earn more the better.
So how do we measure it well and deception?
1, ask to see more and more contact:
in school, there are many computer experts will come and go in the school forum, world NPC, www.tdrd.org / bbs.ruc.edu.cn. in the purchase of computers, be sure to look at several, several more to see, and then gradually according to their own narrow range of needs, and more consultation, more contrast, Finally narrowed it down to 1-3, in the middle of these options, they will do nothing of the profiteers.
2, strong-willed, decisive shot, can not hesitate.
something when you are selected after will buy, this time, no matter profiteers say, you do not believe that he bought the wrong choice of their own, if they tour ���� profiteers, and that, but nothing can be done, the complaints do not have any effect. So their will must be very firm, no matter what profiteers say, must stays.
These are two most important things in detail the content, please visit our school forum world people's congresses, in the hardware world forum where there will be described in detail, there will be more older students answers and some reference in the recommendations.
have their own computers, is not immediately able to access it?'re sorry, we have to complete some steps Internet connection only. First of all, the school you want to install client software, the software has a lot of brothers and sisters, can find their copy, and then install it. Of course, you can also go to I mentioned before, Matilda House, room to , where the center of the school network staff will help you install. Also, if your computer is a problem client, the symptoms appear unable to get online, you can also find them oh repair client software installed, you will need a user name and password to log in, the user name is your student number, the initial password is 123456, we must remember that change in time to avoid being stolen, because the school network is to be charged. Internet access fees paid by a Cartoon machine to complete the prompts to complete payment on the page to access the network through a client. So the Internet is the fee for the traffic and what relationship? we can log in to
there is a good computer, the computer inside resources are also very important, software, movies come from? school campus network is based on traffic charges, and once over, and that price should be expensive than bar hh So never count traffic site to download the file, it is particularly important . then the school where I can find the resources do not count traffic?
seven students in Renmin University of China, and entertainment needs of daily life described
pharmacy: for we, the most expensive hospital pharmacies should be the school grounds mm is very simple Let's enjoy free medical care, schools, a considerable part to the reimbursement of medical expenses:) Of course, knowing the fifth floor of the basement of the Golden Elephant Pharmacy, opposite the East Gate, Haidian large pharmacy can buy drugs, some commonly used drugs in the dormitory equipment, or very necessary, take preventive measures Well
Post: The post office and mail room at the new entrance clearly marked on the map notes, letters will be distributed to all quarters of the mailbox downstairs quarters, if it is wrapped, then wrapped with his or her to the east gate to receive a single mail room.
bookstores: Museum of campus bookstores are located in the west side of the NPC Press century reader service department, in the area east of the macro way canteen bookstore, knowing the fourth floor of the basement of the poor Venda Bookstore and the seventh floor of the west side of the cool wind state bookstore. In addition, school districts are equipped with the press, the students were also very easy to buy newspapers and magazines, newsagents also sell phone cards mobile phone recharge cards oh ~
barber shop: Eastern bathroom a beauty salon, knows there are four ground floor barber shop, the NPC, there are many around the barber shop, people pay for students outside the Army of the West, outside the east gate of the old barber shop and so on a regular CD in the world version of the NPC's PPMM They can often be seen on the mm on all aspects of various barber shops comparison, and also welcomes 08 of the younger, to participate in our discussions, see Shijie Men hair up before you comment on the barber shop, and my heart will always end a bit.
optical shops: Knowing the fifth floor of the basement has a optical shop, turn left out of Simon also has optical shops, often sent people to the cafeteria door advertising optical shops, there will be activities free cleaning lenses, etc., we all can look at.
photo shop: supermarket next to the Central District and the Central cafeteria next to the museum have a photograph, the school posted pictures of the occasion required, or a lot, and suggest that you first according to the standard color photos, a few one inch on the washing carry, in particular, to remind you that the camera after a U disk must remember to take one electronic copy, as often required by the electronic format photos.
KTV: K, near the school can sing with a lot of places, the East Gate right, there is Melody and music saint, the Simon right, there are songs of God and 17 miles, these places can get a student card, to sing when I remember to bring students K permit to enjoy the preferential treatment, if he did not Membership cards can also go to pop music version to follow through on a senior Shijie Men, we are happy to pop in here to discuss, but also often invited the faithful version of the station to sing along with it
eight, Renmin University of China Student Affairs
many school organizations, in which the students more closely and make the teaching must have Office, but closer still teaching at various colleges, the College Youth League office.
College Youth League: Each school Communist Youth League, are concentrating on the backbone of student work. students to learn, work, scholarships, apply for something, what the school informed of major events, registration, often through the Communist Youth League to each college and the majority of the students in contact. The Communist Youth League School teachers, most graduates are also brothers and sisters before the students familiar with the work, but also, and more than contact with students.
faculty Department: responsible for education of students. Course , arranging tables, query results, change, etc., and students learn is the most close to a department in the credits, courses, and so did not understand the problem, but also a lot to teach at the consultation.
School which some These institutions also have a corresponding school of these institutions. However, there is no school organizations so closely with the students.
school institutions, the most commonly used is the Office of Academic Affairs may also, but these are used online, such as test registration, course selection, what applications commonly used in schools ... Here are telephone numbers and addresses of institutions Oh, maybe for all of us.
1, Renmin University of China School Office:, located at Matilda House 13 floors.
2, Renmin University of China Office of Academic Affairs: Academic Research Building B, 501-612 Tel: 62515217
3, enrollment and employment at: General Office 6251214, located at 4 North 6th floor cafeteria, security Office: Tel 62511073, office locations in the swimming pool of the 3 layers.
5, Logistics Group: Tel 62511355, address, student activity center in the northwest.
6, the Treasury: Office Tel 62515236/62516582, office is located in a layer of 0104 Research Building B, Room IX, the experience of China People's University students seem to dwell
candidates in the third year of the hard eyes of college means having to learn to play all day. This view from a side reflects the university's learning and the different high schools, it is mainly a self-learning university, with no annoying all day with teachers and parents to urge you in the ass later learn, but the sisters are here to remind you studying at the university which is still quite important, on the one hand, the university is a person in a good environment for a long time to learn the best stage of the system, even after the work is also bound by the desire to learn the limitations of reality, the use of four University of years time, more books, read good books, graduated four years of mediocrity you will not regret it, but on the other hand, scoring a direct impact on your future life choices, security research, go abroad to be see your academic years of college, some employers will also point applicants to make the learning performance requirements, and also to seriously study for the Graduate Examination usually laid a good foundation. Whether you choose which of four years, good grades will give you an added advantage.
then entered the university after learning it would be any different?
elective exam papers
First of all, the school requires students only class + final exam (part of the Course work usually have a small number of subjects midterm exam), no earlier study up, there is no tutorial. usually a lecture, reading to the end of overtime overnight test, is quite a lot of state university students. should be said that some of the subjects did not the whole days of looking at the necessary exam back back on the line, but you can learn some of the subjects are not cramming, such as calculus, usually more questions must be on time to work independently, or in trouble hanging test, test hanging branches will affect the title and scholarship competitions, security research and a series of problems, from this perspective, is very important to learn drop ~ Of course, make good use of library resources is crucial, it is recommended you get a After the first go wandering cruise cartoon library, we look at the distribution of school library collections, and if the library have any comments or suggestions, we all can go to heaven and earth response to the NPC library forum, there will be a teacher library patience to answer them.
Second, the university course you have some right to choose, in general, universities are divided into compulsory and elective courses, the school will arrange for all the students have the courses, where you The School will arrange required courses based on professional, the other may be an elective course on the class together, usually determined by the head teacher which repair course, these are the people given equal, and the rest of the school elective courses is can choose the the. end of each semester will have one week for your elective, the school will offer an optional course catalog, you can choose, of course, the number of classes of each course is limited, so it can be that the elective system is a two-way selection, course selection is not enough light, you may choose your class, this standard is randomly chosen you, if you are lucky you may choose the four pundits on the lessons we NPC, and if bad luck did not choose the words it does not matter, there is a word called lesson that the classroom is not overcrowded ah hh elective After the success of the first week of second semester stage for the lyrics, you can withdraw from the election if not satisfied, you can also change classes, it is willing to tell you where to find classes for students too!
again, the university's performance value ;, and affect your overall academic performance, grade point that learning is cumulative. In here we have to introduce a new concept of a mm Grade Credit (GPA). Grade? Point? Average, grade point average, which is the average learning results mean. credit hour to 4-point scale, 90 percentile points or more are considered different 4,90 under the following paragraphs were translated into three o'clock score a few, two points a few. that the calculation of the total credit hour? Simply to say that the Section GPA multiplied by the sum of the product of scientific sub-divided by the sum of credits. cite a simple example, such as our course a total of only two, one in English a mathematics, English is 3 credits, 4 credits in mathematics , a classmate he had 88 points English test, math had 95 points, then 88 hours for results is that 3.7,95 change in more than 90 points for the GPA is 4, the total credit hour is (3.7 * 3 +4 * 4 ) / (3 +4). Of course, in reality, we definitely want to repair more than two classes, English and mathematics in the National People's Congress Xu points are also 4. in the report card, grades and subjects will be given in this Section you get the GPA and this semester your grade point averages and cumulative from the first semester of freshman year to the current overall grade point credit.
turn professional security research articles
Some students may be due to various reasons, do not like now this profession, want to go to other school professional learning. freshman sophomore transfer of professional conduct in general, there will be some transfer of professional achievement in the hard and fast rules, such as credit hour up to a certain grade point, there is no cheating and other phenomena linked to Section and so on, then need to turn professional applications made to obtain the consent of School, through certain tests, and ultimately changed to a new profession. This process will be very hard, suggest that you have to before the turn professional for information as often as possible, careful selection of .
layman's terms, the NPC study the current insurance policy is . Specifically, the students where the faculty based on academic performance, learning ability and social work, pushing the three applications for exemption of some indicators of students Scores sort in descending order by rank, take over security research places a certain percentage of students to participate Paul study examinations, including written tests and interviews, and ultimately accepted. If you want to protect research, then, we must first strive for a good comprehensive evaluation of results, that is, to the first 6 semester GPA, research and learning abilities and social achievements that efforts of the three.
Kaoyan with the entrance like: registration, according to the specified test bibliographic review, take a written examination, to enter the list after re-examination of the written test and interview to participate in re-examination, the last recorded ...
Tuesday, December 21, 2010
South Africa to leave their homes to the European powers have become soft egg
South African war
European powers: to leave their homes to have become soft egg
fierce battle going on the World Cup in South Africa, on the championship, still speculation. No matter the odds or to vote, people do not look down upon the European team, that the title may have come from Europe a few. reason Well, naturally many: the first reason to believe that Europe is the birthplace of modern football, and now the leagues and organizations well, with the foundation to win. The second reason to believe that 18-time world 9 times European Cup team trophy, a champion of the the risk of a win.
World Cup opening ceremony rehearsal wonderful picture
seems quite sufficient reason for it! Europeans can not cup and go, depending on to become a big injustice! In fact, without the need to compete flushed, the team are not capable of the European World Cup again, exalted, to see its own history and reality to be known.
look at the history.
back in Japan and South Korea before the World Cup, in order to purchase football tickets, I ownership of the previous World Cup to have been painstaking study to find out the regularity of things, to accurately guess the World Cup, Top 8, Top 4. this little experience, have to guess a 4 strong, access to more than 20,000 yuan bonus.
nineteenth World Cup in South Africa, after 18 sessions than in the past, Europeans have had really good performance. Here is when I do play a football lottery tables:
successive World Cup list last four years
session times
host
third runner-up winner
rd Runner
1930
1
Uruguay Uruguay
Argentina, USA and Yugoslavia < br> 1934
2
Italy
Italy
Czech, Germany and Austria
1938
3
France
Italy
Hungary, Brazil and Sweden
1950
4
Brazil
Uruguay
Brazil, Spain and Sweden
1954
5
Hungary and Austria, Germany, Switzerland
Uruguay
1958
6
Sweden < br> Brazil, West Germany, Sweden and France
1962
7
Brazil, Chile, Czech, Chile and Yugoslavia
1966
8
England
England
West Germany, Portugal, Soviet Union
1970
9
West Germany, Italy, Mexico, Uruguay
Brazil
1974
10
Germany, Netherlands, Poland and Brazil, Germany
1978
11
Argentina Argentina
Netherlands, Brazil and Italy
1982
12
West Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland, France
1986 < br> 13
Mexico, Argentina, West Germany, France, Belgium,
1990
14
West Germany, Italy, England, Argentina and Italy
1994
15 < br> U.S.
Brazil
Italy, Sweden and Bulgaria
1998
16
France
France
Brazil, Croatia and Netherlands
2002
17
Korea Japan
Brazil
Germany and Turkey South Korea
2006
18
Germany
Italy
France, Germany and Portugal we have seen in the table: World Cup 18 times, 10 times in Europe held the trophy they won 9 of them, but held in Sweden in 1958, the 6th inadvertently missed the World Cup, Brazil reluctantly watched the trophy away. Observant people will find: Europeans in the local not only to cup, there are 5 times the first 4 places all in the bag. But, leaving European powers to grow their own homeland, they rarely display .9 times the World Cup outside of Europe, Brazil 5, Argentina and Uruguay the 2 wins. champion seats, split the world in Europe and other continents. runner-up, second runner up, rd Runner vest, the full strength of the performance of football in Europe, 54 places in the 18th, Europe won 43 seats, nearly 80%. < br> I wonder if this is the law, spell or factors was .80 for the years of the 18th, the European team has not won a championship out of the house, it seems as a rule makes sense ah! held in Sweden in 1958, the 6th World Cup, the fifth of its previous session that was held in Switzerland. then there is no continuous matter held in Europe, and always separate session before returning to Europe. you under the eyes of the Europeans are not able to bully foreign people? Well, do not give you the opportunity to hold a row. If a row held in Europe, with European . In this case, you said the countries outside Europe, there are thought to participate in the World Cup match? In order to ensure more people in the world football to play, as far as possible balanced development, do not give the Europeans more interested in chance to win, appears to be a clever arrangement. such an analysis, see FIFA, wonderful picture playback
say the reality.
known as the World Cup 32 teams in the eight giants, including Spain, Brazil, Italy, Argentina, Germany, England, Holland, France. It was also removed in France, Canada into Portugal. In any case, European teams have occupied six seats. the group stage has been carried out to the second round, only the Netherlands to play the European powers was relatively normal. France win the group hope. Spain, Germany, are second-rate in the European team won. Italy, England, Portugal is expected to win the game in the fight a draw. In the past proved: in the World Cup such a large arena, the group stages to stumble, and ultimately will be no major as. Spain won the European Cup, from the group stage will start to cut all the way, a no lose, win a stirring! now do not know, It is worth mentioning that the climatic factors.
in South Africa in the summer (November to February), people usually wear unlined. But we must not forget, in the southern hemisphere, South Africa, now is the winter. Although South Africa is located in the tropics, we should not ignore the difference in temperature between day and night, including most European teams, including teams are from the northern hemisphere, certainly there must be a process of adaptation. especially at night, after all, most of the game in the evening. and European soccer team compared to South American teams and the proximity of South Africa, may be able to account for some cheap.
World Cup: Argentina crazy crazy Maradona
log log contents
content
European powers: to leave their homes to have become soft egg
fierce battle going on the World Cup in South Africa, on the championship, still speculation. No matter the odds or to vote, people do not look down upon the European team, that the title may have come from Europe a few. reason Well, naturally many: the first reason to believe that Europe is the birthplace of modern football, and now the leagues and organizations well, with the foundation to win. The second reason to believe that 18-time world 9 times European Cup team trophy, a champion of the the risk of a win.
World Cup opening ceremony rehearsal wonderful picture
seems quite sufficient reason for it! Europeans can not cup and go, depending on to become a big injustice! In fact, without the need to compete flushed, the team are not capable of the European World Cup again, exalted, to see its own history and reality to be known.
look at the history.
back in Japan and South Korea before the World Cup, in order to purchase football tickets, I ownership of the previous World Cup to have been painstaking study to find out the regularity of things, to accurately guess the World Cup, Top 8, Top 4. this little experience, have to guess a 4 strong, access to more than 20,000 yuan bonus.
nineteenth World Cup in South Africa, after 18 sessions than in the past, Europeans have had really good performance. Here is when I do play a football lottery tables:
successive World Cup list last four years
session times
host
third runner-up winner
rd Runner
1930
1
Uruguay Uruguay
Argentina, USA and Yugoslavia < br> 1934
2
Italy
Italy
Czech, Germany and Austria
1938
3
France
Italy
Hungary, Brazil and Sweden
1950
4
Brazil
Uruguay
Brazil, Spain and Sweden
1954
5
Hungary and Austria, Germany, Switzerland
Uruguay
1958
6
Sweden < br> Brazil, West Germany, Sweden and France
1962
7
Brazil, Chile, Czech, Chile and Yugoslavia
1966
8
England
England
West Germany, Portugal, Soviet Union
1970
9
West Germany, Italy, Mexico, Uruguay
Brazil
1974
10
Germany, Netherlands, Poland and Brazil, Germany
1978
11
Argentina Argentina
Netherlands, Brazil and Italy
1982
12
West Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland, France
1986 < br> 13
Mexico, Argentina, West Germany, France, Belgium,
1990
14
West Germany, Italy, England, Argentina and Italy
1994
15 < br> U.S.
Brazil
Italy, Sweden and Bulgaria
1998
16
France
France
Brazil, Croatia and Netherlands
2002
17
Korea Japan
Brazil
Germany and Turkey South Korea
2006
18
Germany
Italy
France, Germany and Portugal we have seen in the table: World Cup 18 times, 10 times in Europe held the trophy they won 9 of them, but held in Sweden in 1958, the 6th inadvertently missed the World Cup, Brazil reluctantly watched the trophy away. Observant people will find: Europeans in the local not only to cup, there are 5 times the first 4 places all in the bag. But, leaving European powers to grow their own homeland, they rarely display .9 times the World Cup outside of Europe, Brazil 5, Argentina and Uruguay the 2 wins. champion seats, split the world in Europe and other continents. runner-up, second runner up, rd Runner vest, the full strength of the performance of football in Europe, 54 places in the 18th, Europe won 43 seats, nearly 80%. < br> I wonder if this is the law, spell or factors was .80 for the years of the 18th, the European team has not won a championship out of the house, it seems as a rule makes sense ah! held in Sweden in 1958, the 6th World Cup, the fifth of its previous session that was held in Switzerland. then there is no continuous matter held in Europe, and always separate session before returning to Europe. you under the eyes of the Europeans are not able to bully foreign people? Well, do not give you the opportunity to hold a row. If a row held in Europe, with European . In this case, you said the countries outside Europe, there are thought to participate in the World Cup match? In order to ensure more people in the world football to play, as far as possible balanced development, do not give the Europeans more interested in chance to win, appears to be a clever arrangement. such an analysis, see FIFA, wonderful picture playback
say the reality.
known as the World Cup 32 teams in the eight giants, including Spain, Brazil, Italy, Argentina, Germany, England, Holland, France. It was also removed in France, Canada into Portugal. In any case, European teams have occupied six seats. the group stage has been carried out to the second round, only the Netherlands to play the European powers was relatively normal. France win the group hope. Spain, Germany, are second-rate in the European team won. Italy, England, Portugal is expected to win the game in the fight a draw. In the past proved: in the World Cup such a large arena, the group stages to stumble, and ultimately will be no major as. Spain won the European Cup, from the group stage will start to cut all the way, a no lose, win a stirring! now do not know, It is worth mentioning that the climatic factors.
in South Africa in the summer (November to February), people usually wear unlined. But we must not forget, in the southern hemisphere, South Africa, now is the winter. Although South Africa is located in the tropics, we should not ignore the difference in temperature between day and night, including most European teams, including teams are from the northern hemisphere, certainly there must be a process of adaptation. especially at night, after all, most of the game in the evening. and European soccer team compared to South American teams and the proximity of South Africa, may be able to account for some cheap.
World Cup: Argentina crazy crazy Maradona
log log contents
content
Monday, December 20, 2010
U.S. Constitution (Chinese text) transfer
First Constitution of the United States repealed the Eighteenth Amendment. He shall from time to report to Congress the federal cases to the Congress as he deems necessary and appropriate measures for its consideration; in exceptional circumstances, he had convened a meeting houses, or one of the hospital and may be in the two chambers agree on the time of adjournment, the order to adjourn until the time he considers appropriate; he shall receive Ambassadors and the Minister; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all officers of the United States.
proceedings at common law, the dispute value of more than 20 yuan, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved. by the fact that the jury verdict , of the United States except in accordance with the common law rules of any court shall not be re-examined.
third paragraph of this section unless the Congress to submit, within seven years from the date of the states, state legislatures by the Constitution approved by the amendment to the Constitution shall not take effect.
second paragraph of the public Member states should be the proportion of places allocated in each state except the state population statistics, including Indians not taxed than the entire population. but in the United States presidential and vice presidential election voters, members of Congress, state executive and judicial officials or State Legislatures in any election, a state of at least 21 years old, and male residents of any United States citizen, as it was the right to vote is denied or limited in any way (due to participate in the rebellion or other crime other than being deprived of), then The basis of representation shall be accounted for more than the number of male citizens of the state of male citizens 21 years of age the proportion of the total number of CERs.
Di Liukuan this state unless the date of its submission within 7 years, from 3 / 4 the state legislature approved the amendment to the Constitution shall not take effect.
an amendment to Article 〔1933〕
First Amendment 〔1791〕
Article
Disi Kuan, authorized by law of the United States public debt, including any payment in suppressing insurrection or rebellion active pensions and bonuses arising from the debt, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States or any State shall pay or take responsibility for the aid of insurrection or rebellion of the United States arising from any debt or obligation, nor to pay or bear the loss or emancipation of any slave of any claim; all such debts, obligations and requirements shall be held illegal and void.
jurisdiction of the United States shall belong to a Supreme Court and by Congress at any time ordain and establish inferior courts. The Supreme Court and lower court judges, if the dedication shall continue in office and schedule receive for their services a compensation, in its continued tenure, the pension to not cut.
Diershitiao 〔1933〕 amendment < / p>
the first paragraph of this section is not approved before the term of office of President and Vice President of the scheduled term of the year ended January 20 noon, term of office of Senators and Representatives in this section had not been ratified term of the year ended January 3 at noon, their successors shall then begin.
elected president in the third paragraph as provisions of time before the beginning of his presidency death, was elected Vice-President shall become President. If the specified time before the beginning of his presidency, the president not elected, or elected president does not qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a president of a qualified so far. Vice President-elect and be elected President is not qualified, the Congress may by law provide acting president of the people, or to declare elected acting president of the approach. this person should act as President until a President or a Vice-qualified president so far.
in time of peace, without the consent of the Owner, not the soldiers stationed in the houses; those imposed in conformity manner prescribed by law, does not allow this war.
shall not be required Excessive bail shall not impose excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment.
disciplined militia is to protect the freedom necessary for the safety of the state, so the people the right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. < / p>
Third Amendment 〔1791〕
Ninth Amendment 〔1791〕
the first year after ratification of this article is prohibited in the United States and all territory under the jurisdiction of brewing, sale or transportation of intoxicating drinks as a alcohol; prohibit the import or export of such alcohol under the jurisdiction of all of America and its territories.
The Congress and the states have the right to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Eighth Amendment 〔1791〕
of the United States jurisdiction, shall not be construed to extend to the acceptance by the citizens of his state or any foreign citizens or subjects of a state's or the United States prosecution of any law or in equity proceedings.
United States shall be citizens of their right to vote, not because of race, color, or had been forced servitude or any State by the United States be denied or limits.
Fourth Amendment 〔1791〕
Sixth Amendment 〔1791〕
Seventeenth Amendment 〔1913〕 < / p>
〔a〕 United States Senate composed of two Senators from each State, Senator the people by the state election, term of 6 years; and each Senator shall have one vote. each state electors of the State Legislature should have the largest number of electors of a hospital have the qualifications required.
s 〔1919〕 eighteen amendments
s All seven bills related to taxation shall be made in the House of Representatives; but the Senate on other bills in order to propose or agree to the amendment. The bill passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States ; President if approved, will be required to sign, if not approval, shall together with his objections to it made the case returned to the original House, which House shall enter the objections of its proceedings, and then proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, The two-thirds of House members still agree to pass the bill, the hospital shall be sent together with the objections of the bill the other House, by likewise be reconsidered, if approved by two thirds of hospital , the bill become a law. but all such cases, the vote of both Houses shall be determined by agreement or opposition to, and endorsed and opposed to the bill's name, shall be houses were recorded in the hospital within the proceedings. If the President received the bill within ten days (Sundays excepted), not to the refund, the bill is signed by the president as if he had become a law when Congress adjourned ¨ associate and can not return the bill when The bill did not become law. Every order, resolution or vote (except on a question of adjournment), who shall be the consent of the Senate and House of Representatives, the President shall be presented to the United States; the same shall, after valid until, if the president does not for approval, the House and Senate passed a bill can be provided in accordance with the various rules and restrictions, the two-thirds majority, again through.
first
nine states, the Constitution, the approval of the Constituent Assembly, that the ratification of this Constitution between the states came into force.
executive powers to the first President of the United States. four-year presidential term, the President and Vice President with the same term, be elected according to the following procedures: Each state shall be in accordance with that required by the State Legislature procedures, specify a number of electors, their numbers should be with the state Senators and Representatives in Congress, the total number of same; but participate ridiculed members of the United States House of Representatives and any person holding a pension obligation and duty to the people shall be designated as a voter. The electors shall meet in their respective states of assembly, each voting for two persons, including at least one person is not a state resident. shall make a list of all the persons listed, indicating Number of votes per person; they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the list sent to the United States Senate seat of the government. President of the Senate shall, before all the members of both houses of Congress, open all the certificates, and then count the votes. who gets the most votes, more than all the electoral votes as they received half of the elected president; if more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; if no a majority, then the House of Representatives of the top five highest number of votes shall in like manner choose the president. But in choosing the President, should the state as a unit, representation from each state having one vote; two-thirds of the state such as the National have a member or members present, shall constitute a quorum for the election of President; are required to be elected president, a majority of all states. In each such election, the presidential election, its electoral votes cast to obtain the largest number of persons, shall be the Vice President. But if two or more equal number of votes shall be voted by the Senate, choose from them the Vice President. Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors and their votes days; day shall be. except a natural born citizen of the United States, or the time of the adoption of this Constitution, citizens of the United States, could be elected president; where under the age of thirty five years, residing within the United States under the age of fourteen year, it shall not be elected president. In case the president be removed from office or death, resignation or inability to discharge the powers and duties, the President, Vice-President shall perform the functions and powers. Congress may by law, the President and Vice president were dismissed, or death, resignation or incapacity, by any person as Acting President, the person shall comply with the serve, ability to recover from the president, or a new president is elected. The President shall, while in its service pension received within the time prescribed to, in its term in office, not the amount of pension payments increase or decrease, and he shall not receive within that period, since the United States Government and any other state you accept the reward. In his office, he shall be sworn or affirmation as follows: - ; President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and called the Civil Guard in the states of the United States as a mission commander; he may require the head of each executive branch officials in any of the events related to their work written comments, In addition to impeachment, he has the right to legal persons for offenses against the United States to grant reprieves and pardons. He shall have power treaty, subject to Senate advice and consent for, and shall be two-thirds of the Senators present favor; he shall nominate, and by the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all the other herein otherwise provided for in this Constitution, but later will be set in accordance with the provisions of the law Officials of the United States; the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, right, in the President alone, in the courts, or in the heads of various administrative departments. in the Senate during the recess in case of vacancy, the President shall have power fill such vacancies, shall expire at the end of the end of the next session of the Senate.
〔1913〕 Amendment XVI Congress has income from any source right on the lay and collect income tax, not apportioned in the states, without regard to any census or enumeration.
second paragraph states the House of Representatives shall be elected every two years, the people one of the members, state voters should have the state legislature of the state hospital in one of the largest number of qualified electors required. All under the age of twenty-five years, or to obtain United States citizenship under the age of seven years, or a particular State elected not residents of the state who shall be chosen. Representatives and direct Taxes shall be under the jurisdiction of the federal states the proportion of the population distribution, the computation of the population, should be free people in all - including there short-term contracts servants, but not the end of taxed Indians - the number of outside,UGG boots, plus three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be the first meeting of the United States Congress to be held within three years after , held once every ten years thereafter, the survey methodology also required by law. Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative; in the population of at investigation before the state House of Representatives was elected in accordance with the following numbers: New Hampshire three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Reclamation District one, Connecticut five, New York six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight , Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. the state House of Representatives have any vacancies, the state awarded the Chief Executive should make the election, the election the House of Representatives to fill such Vacancies. House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; only the House of Representatives has the power of impeachment.
Disi Kuan Congress may by law provide for the following: the transfer of rights in the election of the President to the House of Representatives, the President can be elected among hospital death; Vice President in the election to the transfer of rights Senate, vice president can be elected among hospital death.
United States shall President, Vice President and all civil officers, for treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors, impeachment and conviction, shall be removed from office.
Article
obtain the assistance of counsel for his defense.
first in the United States within the United States or subject to the jurisdiction of any local, slavery and forced labor are not there, but as a person convicted of the crime punished by law, not this limit.
; 〔c〕 amendment to this section shall not affect the interpretation of this amendment entered into force as part of the Constitution of any Senator chosen before the election or term.
alleged that the nature and cause;
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Preamble
Di Liukuan Senators and Representatives shall be paid for their services, the amount of remuneration determined by law, by the United States Treasury to pay. bicameral members except treason, felony and breach of public order offenses, the conference in attendance at the hospital and from the hospital on the way, be privileged from arrest; hospital by members of both Houses at the meeting for any speech or debate, shall not be questioned in any other place. Senator or Representative shall, during his tenure as the United States elected to any new government Tim set up the office, or in his term of office paid for the salary of new jobs and add to; who served under the United States shall not during his tenure as a congressman.
paragraph scope of judicial power should be included in this Constitution, the United States law, and the United States have been set and will prescribe what happened under the treaty involved in the case of common law and equity; all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls; all relevant maritime jurisdiction and maritime jurisdiction of the case; which the United States shall be a party; litigation between the states, state and other one between citizens of the state, a state citizens and between citizens of another state, between citizens of the same state, different states to lawsuits claiming lands under grants, as well as a state or its citizens and foreign government , is a citizen or legal proceedings between the people. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and the state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases, the Supreme Court on the legal and factual appellate jurisdiction, but by Congress exceptions, and the provisions of the Ordinance, unless. The trial of all crimes, except cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and the trial shall be at the state crime held; However, if the crime had occurred is not within any state, the trial shall be specified by law in the Congress or places as locations.
second
; Disi Kuan of the Legislature shall provide for election of state Senators and Representatives of time, place and procedures; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such regulations, only elected members is not in this case. Congress should be meeting at least annually a meeting shall be the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
〔1920〕
Jufan to two-thirds of all members of both Houses Second, the majority deems it necessary, Congress should propose the amendment of the Constitution; or, when two-thirds of the existing states were requested by the state legislature, Congress should convene a constitutional amendment the General Assembly, the above two amendments, if approved by all three quarters of the state legislature or the state of three-fourths of the state constitutional amendment approved by the General Assembly, that is to become part of the Constitution occurred in full force, as a means of approval for use of it by the Congress resolved; but one 八 ○ 八amendment may be made prior years, in any case shall not affect the ninth paragraph of the Constitution, Article I of the first, fourth two; that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate right.
States Government in this Constitution was approved and before the debt owed to the Bank signed the treaty, in the After the adoption of the Constitution, as under the Confederation has the same effect as when. The Constitution and the United States under this Constitution, the law established; and the United States have been concluded and all treaties to be concluded, are all the supreme law of the country; the judges in every state shall be bound by the Constitution or laws of any state in any of the contents of a conflict with them, are not contrary to this provision. aforementioned Senators and Representatives, several State Legislatures, States Government and state governments and all executive and judicial officers, shall be on oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; States Government of any office or public trust under the standard in any *** to serve as a necessary condition.
Di Wukuan first and second paragraphs of this section shall be approved in the future 15 October effect.
The Congress shall meet at least once a year, in addition to Congress may by law separate dates, the meeting began at noon Jan. 3.
third paragraph of the United States Senate from the state legislature of each state composed of the election of two senators, Senator for six years, each Senator shall have one vote. Senator in the first election held after the meetings, should be immediately divided into three groups as equally. The first group of senators term, to expire at end of second year, the second group at the expiration of the fourth Year, and the third at the expiration of the sixth year, Bishi re-election every two years one third of senators; if a certain State Legislature during the recess of Senator becomes vacant due to resignation or other reasons, the state's Chief Executive may make temporary appointments until the next meeting, which shall then fill such Vacancies. Where the age of thirty years, or to obtain United States citizenship under the age of nine, or a particular state and not elected by the state's residents are not allowed any senator. Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, unless a tie vote, the Speaker of the non-voting. shall be elected to the Senate Hospitals and other officials, the Vice-President is absent or when the office of President of the United States, but also a President pro tempore. All of impeachment, only the Senate the right to trial. in trial of impeachment, the Senators shall be on Oath or Affirmation. such as trial President of the United States who should be chaired by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; at the end of two thirds of the members present consent, any person shall be convicted. Judgement in Cases of Impeachment shall not exceed the removal and cancellation of States Government as any honor, or salaries, position qualifications; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, according to law, trial, verdict and punishment.
tenth state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; not catch on civil charges issued by the ship-ping grant letters of marque and reprisal action taken by the concessionaire certificates; coin money; not issue currency notes; any thing but gold coin in payment of debts other than legal tender; not by any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto laws and undermine the obligation of contracts;, or grant any Title of Nobility . without the consent of Congress, the states may not levy import or export goods, any tax, but in order to implement the state's inspection laws are absolutely necessary, unless; any state on imports or exports, the tax imposed, United States shall be vested in the Treasury to use its net income; all such inspection laws, the Congress of the revision and control of power. without the consent of Congress, the states may not impose tonnage, shall remain in peace *** and warships, and another shall not enter into any agreement state or country, or contract, unless actually invaded, or meet urgent critical cases, it shall not engage in war.
citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the citizens of each State all the privileges and immunities. Where in any State charged with treason, felony or other crime, who shall flee from justice in another state when seized, shall on the state from which he fled the state request of the executive authority of the offender to surrender in order to transfer to the state having jurisdiction of criminal cases. Where, under a state law should in the state service or labor, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation, the lifting of such service or labor, but shall be entitled to such service or labor of a party's request to surrender.
Congress shall make no law on the following matters: an establishment of religion or prohibiting freedom of movement were taught `; restrict freedom of speech or freedom of the press; deprive citizens of peaceful assembly and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Article
third
; In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the following rights:
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No person, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury may not be sentenced to capital punishment or other infamous crimes trials, but occurred in the land or naval forces, or in time of War or public danger militia when in actual service in the case, unless.
s 〔1870〕 fifteen amendments
Thirteenth Amendment 〔1865〕
third paragraph no person who previously Zeng Yi members of Congress, or the United States government officials, members of Parliament or any State, or any state administrative or judicial officials sworn to uphold the U.S. Constitution as the future of America subversion or rebellion, or giving help or support the enemy of America, shall not serve as Senator or House of Representatives or the President and the Vice-presidential electors, as the United States or any state or under any civilian or military officials. However, both houses of Congress have the right to the 2 / 3 of the votes, remove such disability.
〔The Congress has the right to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
the first state to other states to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings shall be given full faith and credit . Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved and the effect thereof.
Di Wukuan Congress shall have power to implement this article by appropriate legislation.
without just compensation shall private property be taken for public use.
; Second Amendment 〔1791〕
The Seventh Amendment 〔1791〕
by the criminal act, at the State and district justice shall be prompt and public jury trial, which district shall have prior determined by the law;
confronted with the witnesses;
s eight Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and of the United States for the common defense and general welfare of funding; but all duties, tariffs and other taxes shall be uniform throughout the United States; to America's credit debt; management and foreign, among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; develop a uniform rule in the United States of naturalization regulations, and consistent application relating to bankruptcy laws; coin Money, regulate the value of and determining the foreign currency value, and the development of standards of weights and measures; development of counterfeiting the securities and currency United States the punishment; establish Post Offices and post Roads; to promote the progress of science and useful arts, to authors and inventors the works and inventions, in given within a certain period of patent protection; set the courts below the Supreme Court; define and punish piracy on the high seas felonies committed crimes and breaches of international law; declared war on the civilian fishing boat Ping awarded grant letters of marque and take charge reprisals license to develop the land and sea captured in war profits crystal rules; raise and support armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that, the period not exceeding two years; provide and maintain a Navy; rules for the government and control a variety of regulations *** land and sea; for calling forth the militia to execute the federal law, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; provisions of the militia organization, equipment and training, and the militia of the United States service management solution, but reserving to the States appointment of the officers, and in accordance with prescribed by Congress the power of training the Militia; for by a state and by Congress to bear to serve as the seat of government in areas of America (not exceeding ten miles square), hold on All in all matters of its legislative power; for by the state legislature agreed, to the state government purchased for construction of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other buildings where necessary, also hold the same power; - and In order to exercise these powers, and the exercise of the constitutional right of all States Government or its departments or officials of the various power to make all necessary and appropriate legal.
〔II No State representatives in the Senate When vacancies happen in the state administration authority should issue of election to fill such vacancies, but the state legislature of any State may empower the Chief Executive by the Council instructed the people fill the vacancies before the election, temporary appointments.
s Congress may permit the three new states into this Union; other state, without the consent of state legislatures and Congress, the jurisdiction of any state shall not establish a new state within the region; nor merger of the State or States, or formed part of several states New Jersey. Congress has power to dispose of the possessions of America and other industries, and develop the industry on these territories and all necessary regulations and rules and regulations; any of the provisions of this Constitution, shall be prejudicial to the United States or any state of the interpretation of the right .
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Fourteenth Amendment No. 〔1868〕
people's personal, residential , papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be infringed. except in accordance with a reasonable basis to Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things seized shall not issue a search and seizure-like.
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
people of our United States of America, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure to ourselves and our future generations can enjoy the blessings of liberty, is for the United States of America to develop and establish this Constitution.
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor;
Nineteenth Amendment
s a legislative power under the Constitution, are all of the United States Congress, the Congress consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives.
〔a〕 United States citizens the right to vote, not because of gender or any State by the United States to be deprived of or restrictions.
; this Constitution in the year 1787, the United States of America 12 years after independence, 17 September, the State present at the Constitutional Convention agreed at the meeting after the making. We would like to witness this signature. ... ...
Article V of the Constitution, proposed by Congress and approved by the state to add and modify the provisions of the United States Constitution.
United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government to protect them against Invasion; and application of the legislature or the executive (when the Legislature can not be convened) requests, against domestic violence.
s 〔1798〕 eleven amendments
Article
Di Wukuan Each House shall be the judge elections, returns and qualifications of our hospital members, each of which constitutes a majority of MPs a quorum; lack of quorum, a world can be extended to meet day to day, and the right in accordance with the procedures provided for in the House and penalties, forced attendance of absent members. Each House may determine the Court's rules of procedure, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and the concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. House and Senate shall keep a record of procedure, and often published, but the hospital require secrecy except for the part; the members of both Houses for or against each issue, if one fifth of the members present request, should be recorded in the paper records. During the session of Congress, any other House without the Consent, shall not be adjourned more than three days, nor moved to other locations meeting the two Houses.
third paragraph only to wage war against the United States, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them aid and comfort shall consist of treason. No person, such as non-testimony of two witnesses to his overt Act, or on Confession in open Court , may be convicted of treason. Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but treason, who had been deprived of civil rights, then the inheritance rights of people affected, the property of traitors can only survive in their own confiscated during the.
voters in their respective states within the assembly, elect the president and vice president, at least one of which must be belongs to the state's residents are not voters. electors shall be stated on the ballot paper the name of the person voted for as President, and in the other states to be elected on the ballot paper Vice President for the name of the person. electors shall all be elected president and of all persons who were elected Vice-President make a list of votes per capita income, and sign and certify on the list, and then seal States Government to send the seat was President of the Senate. President of the Senate members in the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and then count the votes. a presidential vote the most, such as selected from the electoral votes more than half of the total number shall be the President . if no person have such majority, the House of Representatives was elected President shall be immediately from the list of people the most votes but not more than 3 of people, vote for president. But the President, the vote count in the state as a unit, each All states have one vote on behalf of .2 / 3 of the States, a member or members present, shall constitute a quorum for the presidential election, states must require all the presidential election a majority of votes. 〔transfer of power when the presidential election to the House of Representatives , such as the hospital on March 4 in the following year shall not choose a President, Vice-President by the Deputy President, as President of the death or other constitutional disability of the case. they may have the greatest number of votes, Vice President, such as No. of votes More than half of the total number of electors selected shall be the Vice President, if no more than half the vote, the Senate should be two on the list with the most votes in the election of Vice President. Vice President elected by the Senate the total number of quorum 2 / 3 of the form , elected vice president needs a majority of the total number of senators. but not be eligible for the presidency under the Constitution the people of America are not eligible to serve as vice president.
Tenth Amendment 〔1804〕
not delegated to the United States by this Constitution, nor prohibited the exercise of the powers of the states, reserved to the States respectively, or reserved for the exercise of.
twelfth article of amendment 〔1791〕
any person not for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; shall be compelled in any criminal case against self-incrimination; without due process, shall not be deprived of life, liberty, or property.
Where a born or naturalized in the United States of America and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are the state of residence of the United States and its citizens. any State shall make or enforce United States the privileges or immunities of citizens of any law; not due process of law, shall not deprive any person of life, liberty, or property; For any person under its jurisdiction, shall not deny equal protection.
Ninth Section For a state by any existing shall think of their immigration or immigration of people, O in eighteen years ago, the Congress shall not be prohibited, but a tax or duty can, but not exceeding ten dollars per person limit . shall not be suspended habeas corpus protected by the privilege, but in the case of rebellion or invasion, the reasons of public safety unless necessary. pass any Bill of Attainder or ex post facto laws. except by this Constitution under the census or enumeration of the proportion of the population may not impose any tax or other direct taxes. on exported from any State, shall not be taxable. any business or tax regulations, shall not give preferential treatment to the ports of one state; also shall not compel any state bound to, or from a vessel, into or leaving another state, or pay duties in another. In addition to appropriations made by law, shall not make any money from the Treasury in; all public revenue and expenditure reports and accounts shall be published. States may not grant any Title of Nobility: Where in the United States government as a pension or have the responsibility to, shall, at the end by the Congress, shall not accept any king, prince or foreign, any gift , emolument, office or title.
proceedings at common law, the dispute value of more than 20 yuan, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved. by the fact that the jury verdict , of the United States except in accordance with the common law rules of any court shall not be re-examined.
third paragraph of this section unless the Congress to submit, within seven years from the date of the states, state legislatures by the Constitution approved by the amendment to the Constitution shall not take effect.
second paragraph of the public Member states should be the proportion of places allocated in each state except the state population statistics, including Indians not taxed than the entire population. but in the United States presidential and vice presidential election voters, members of Congress, state executive and judicial officials or State Legislatures in any election, a state of at least 21 years old, and male residents of any United States citizen, as it was the right to vote is denied or limited in any way (due to participate in the rebellion or other crime other than being deprived of), then The basis of representation shall be accounted for more than the number of male citizens of the state of male citizens 21 years of age the proportion of the total number of CERs.
Di Liukuan this state unless the date of its submission within 7 years, from 3 / 4 the state legislature approved the amendment to the Constitution shall not take effect.
an amendment to Article 〔1933〕
First Amendment 〔1791〕
Article
Disi Kuan, authorized by law of the United States public debt, including any payment in suppressing insurrection or rebellion active pensions and bonuses arising from the debt, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States or any State shall pay or take responsibility for the aid of insurrection or rebellion of the United States arising from any debt or obligation, nor to pay or bear the loss or emancipation of any slave of any claim; all such debts, obligations and requirements shall be held illegal and void.
jurisdiction of the United States shall belong to a Supreme Court and by Congress at any time ordain and establish inferior courts. The Supreme Court and lower court judges, if the dedication shall continue in office and schedule receive for their services a compensation, in its continued tenure, the pension to not cut.
Diershitiao 〔1933〕 amendment < / p>
the first paragraph of this section is not approved before the term of office of President and Vice President of the scheduled term of the year ended January 20 noon, term of office of Senators and Representatives in this section had not been ratified term of the year ended January 3 at noon, their successors shall then begin.
elected president in the third paragraph as provisions of time before the beginning of his presidency death, was elected Vice-President shall become President. If the specified time before the beginning of his presidency, the president not elected, or elected president does not qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a president of a qualified so far. Vice President-elect and be elected President is not qualified, the Congress may by law provide acting president of the people, or to declare elected acting president of the approach. this person should act as President until a President or a Vice-qualified president so far.
in time of peace, without the consent of the Owner, not the soldiers stationed in the houses; those imposed in conformity manner prescribed by law, does not allow this war.
shall not be required Excessive bail shall not impose excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment.
disciplined militia is to protect the freedom necessary for the safety of the state, so the people the right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. < / p>
Third Amendment 〔1791〕
Ninth Amendment 〔1791〕
the first year after ratification of this article is prohibited in the United States and all territory under the jurisdiction of brewing, sale or transportation of intoxicating drinks as a alcohol; prohibit the import or export of such alcohol under the jurisdiction of all of America and its territories.
The Congress and the states have the right to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Eighth Amendment 〔1791〕
of the United States jurisdiction, shall not be construed to extend to the acceptance by the citizens of his state or any foreign citizens or subjects of a state's or the United States prosecution of any law or in equity proceedings.
United States shall be citizens of their right to vote, not because of race, color, or had been forced servitude or any State by the United States be denied or limits.
Fourth Amendment 〔1791〕
Sixth Amendment 〔1791〕
Seventeenth Amendment 〔1913〕 < / p>
〔a〕 United States Senate composed of two Senators from each State, Senator the people by the state election, term of 6 years; and each Senator shall have one vote. each state electors of the State Legislature should have the largest number of electors of a hospital have the qualifications required.
s 〔1919〕 eighteen amendments
s All seven bills related to taxation shall be made in the House of Representatives; but the Senate on other bills in order to propose or agree to the amendment. The bill passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States ; President if approved, will be required to sign, if not approval, shall together with his objections to it made the case returned to the original House, which House shall enter the objections of its proceedings, and then proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, The two-thirds of House members still agree to pass the bill, the hospital shall be sent together with the objections of the bill the other House, by likewise be reconsidered, if approved by two thirds of hospital , the bill become a law. but all such cases, the vote of both Houses shall be determined by agreement or opposition to, and endorsed and opposed to the bill's name, shall be houses were recorded in the hospital within the proceedings. If the President received the bill within ten days (Sundays excepted), not to the refund, the bill is signed by the president as if he had become a law when Congress adjourned ¨ associate and can not return the bill when The bill did not become law. Every order, resolution or vote (except on a question of adjournment), who shall be the consent of the Senate and House of Representatives, the President shall be presented to the United States; the same shall, after valid until, if the president does not for approval, the House and Senate passed a bill can be provided in accordance with the various rules and restrictions, the two-thirds majority, again through.
first
nine states, the Constitution, the approval of the Constituent Assembly, that the ratification of this Constitution between the states came into force.
executive powers to the first President of the United States. four-year presidential term, the President and Vice President with the same term, be elected according to the following procedures: Each state shall be in accordance with that required by the State Legislature procedures, specify a number of electors, their numbers should be with the state Senators and Representatives in Congress, the total number of same; but participate ridiculed members of the United States House of Representatives and any person holding a pension obligation and duty to the people shall be designated as a voter. The electors shall meet in their respective states of assembly, each voting for two persons, including at least one person is not a state resident. shall make a list of all the persons listed, indicating Number of votes per person; they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the list sent to the United States Senate seat of the government. President of the Senate shall, before all the members of both houses of Congress, open all the certificates, and then count the votes. who gets the most votes, more than all the electoral votes as they received half of the elected president; if more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; if no a majority, then the House of Representatives of the top five highest number of votes shall in like manner choose the president. But in choosing the President, should the state as a unit, representation from each state having one vote; two-thirds of the state such as the National have a member or members present, shall constitute a quorum for the election of President; are required to be elected president, a majority of all states. In each such election, the presidential election, its electoral votes cast to obtain the largest number of persons, shall be the Vice President. But if two or more equal number of votes shall be voted by the Senate, choose from them the Vice President. Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors and their votes days; day shall be. except a natural born citizen of the United States, or the time of the adoption of this Constitution, citizens of the United States, could be elected president; where under the age of thirty five years, residing within the United States under the age of fourteen year, it shall not be elected president. In case the president be removed from office or death, resignation or inability to discharge the powers and duties, the President, Vice-President shall perform the functions and powers. Congress may by law, the President and Vice president were dismissed, or death, resignation or incapacity, by any person as Acting President, the person shall comply with the serve, ability to recover from the president, or a new president is elected. The President shall, while in its service pension received within the time prescribed to, in its term in office, not the amount of pension payments increase or decrease, and he shall not receive within that period, since the United States Government and any other state you accept the reward. In his office, he shall be sworn or affirmation as follows: - ; President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and called the Civil Guard in the states of the United States as a mission commander; he may require the head of each executive branch officials in any of the events related to their work written comments, In addition to impeachment, he has the right to legal persons for offenses against the United States to grant reprieves and pardons. He shall have power treaty, subject to Senate advice and consent for, and shall be two-thirds of the Senators present favor; he shall nominate, and by the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all the other herein otherwise provided for in this Constitution, but later will be set in accordance with the provisions of the law Officials of the United States; the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, right, in the President alone, in the courts, or in the heads of various administrative departments. in the Senate during the recess in case of vacancy, the President shall have power fill such vacancies, shall expire at the end of the end of the next session of the Senate.
〔1913〕 Amendment XVI Congress has income from any source right on the lay and collect income tax, not apportioned in the states, without regard to any census or enumeration.
second paragraph states the House of Representatives shall be elected every two years, the people one of the members, state voters should have the state legislature of the state hospital in one of the largest number of qualified electors required. All under the age of twenty-five years, or to obtain United States citizenship under the age of seven years, or a particular State elected not residents of the state who shall be chosen. Representatives and direct Taxes shall be under the jurisdiction of the federal states the proportion of the population distribution, the computation of the population, should be free people in all - including there short-term contracts servants, but not the end of taxed Indians - the number of outside,UGG boots, plus three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be the first meeting of the United States Congress to be held within three years after , held once every ten years thereafter, the survey methodology also required by law. Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative; in the population of at investigation before the state House of Representatives was elected in accordance with the following numbers: New Hampshire three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Reclamation District one, Connecticut five, New York six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight , Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. the state House of Representatives have any vacancies, the state awarded the Chief Executive should make the election, the election the House of Representatives to fill such Vacancies. House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; only the House of Representatives has the power of impeachment.
Disi Kuan Congress may by law provide for the following: the transfer of rights in the election of the President to the House of Representatives, the President can be elected among hospital death; Vice President in the election to the transfer of rights Senate, vice president can be elected among hospital death.
United States shall President, Vice President and all civil officers, for treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors, impeachment and conviction, shall be removed from office.
Article
obtain the assistance of counsel for his defense.
first in the United States within the United States or subject to the jurisdiction of any local, slavery and forced labor are not there, but as a person convicted of the crime punished by law, not this limit.
; 〔c〕 amendment to this section shall not affect the interpretation of this amendment entered into force as part of the Constitution of any Senator chosen before the election or term.
alleged that the nature and cause;
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Preamble
Di Liukuan Senators and Representatives shall be paid for their services, the amount of remuneration determined by law, by the United States Treasury to pay. bicameral members except treason, felony and breach of public order offenses, the conference in attendance at the hospital and from the hospital on the way, be privileged from arrest; hospital by members of both Houses at the meeting for any speech or debate, shall not be questioned in any other place. Senator or Representative shall, during his tenure as the United States elected to any new government Tim set up the office, or in his term of office paid for the salary of new jobs and add to; who served under the United States shall not during his tenure as a congressman.
paragraph scope of judicial power should be included in this Constitution, the United States law, and the United States have been set and will prescribe what happened under the treaty involved in the case of common law and equity; all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls; all relevant maritime jurisdiction and maritime jurisdiction of the case; which the United States shall be a party; litigation between the states, state and other one between citizens of the state, a state citizens and between citizens of another state, between citizens of the same state, different states to lawsuits claiming lands under grants, as well as a state or its citizens and foreign government , is a citizen or legal proceedings between the people. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and the state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases, the Supreme Court on the legal and factual appellate jurisdiction, but by Congress exceptions, and the provisions of the Ordinance, unless. The trial of all crimes, except cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and the trial shall be at the state crime held; However, if the crime had occurred is not within any state, the trial shall be specified by law in the Congress or places as locations.
second
; Disi Kuan of the Legislature shall provide for election of state Senators and Representatives of time, place and procedures; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such regulations, only elected members is not in this case. Congress should be meeting at least annually a meeting shall be the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
〔1920〕
Jufan to two-thirds of all members of both Houses Second, the majority deems it necessary, Congress should propose the amendment of the Constitution; or, when two-thirds of the existing states were requested by the state legislature, Congress should convene a constitutional amendment the General Assembly, the above two amendments, if approved by all three quarters of the state legislature or the state of three-fourths of the state constitutional amendment approved by the General Assembly, that is to become part of the Constitution occurred in full force, as a means of approval for use of it by the Congress resolved; but one 八 ○ 八amendment may be made prior years, in any case shall not affect the ninth paragraph of the Constitution, Article I of the first, fourth two; that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate right.
States Government in this Constitution was approved and before the debt owed to the Bank signed the treaty, in the After the adoption of the Constitution, as under the Confederation has the same effect as when. The Constitution and the United States under this Constitution, the law established; and the United States have been concluded and all treaties to be concluded, are all the supreme law of the country; the judges in every state shall be bound by the Constitution or laws of any state in any of the contents of a conflict with them, are not contrary to this provision. aforementioned Senators and Representatives, several State Legislatures, States Government and state governments and all executive and judicial officers, shall be on oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; States Government of any office or public trust under the standard in any *** to serve as a necessary condition.
Di Wukuan first and second paragraphs of this section shall be approved in the future 15 October effect.
The Congress shall meet at least once a year, in addition to Congress may by law separate dates, the meeting began at noon Jan. 3.
third paragraph of the United States Senate from the state legislature of each state composed of the election of two senators, Senator for six years, each Senator shall have one vote. Senator in the first election held after the meetings, should be immediately divided into three groups as equally. The first group of senators term, to expire at end of second year, the second group at the expiration of the fourth Year, and the third at the expiration of the sixth year, Bishi re-election every two years one third of senators; if a certain State Legislature during the recess of Senator becomes vacant due to resignation or other reasons, the state's Chief Executive may make temporary appointments until the next meeting, which shall then fill such Vacancies. Where the age of thirty years, or to obtain United States citizenship under the age of nine, or a particular state and not elected by the state's residents are not allowed any senator. Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, unless a tie vote, the Speaker of the non-voting. shall be elected to the Senate Hospitals and other officials, the Vice-President is absent or when the office of President of the United States, but also a President pro tempore. All of impeachment, only the Senate the right to trial. in trial of impeachment, the Senators shall be on Oath or Affirmation. such as trial President of the United States who should be chaired by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; at the end of two thirds of the members present consent, any person shall be convicted. Judgement in Cases of Impeachment shall not exceed the removal and cancellation of States Government as any honor, or salaries, position qualifications; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, according to law, trial, verdict and punishment.
tenth state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; not catch on civil charges issued by the ship-ping grant letters of marque and reprisal action taken by the concessionaire certificates; coin money; not issue currency notes; any thing but gold coin in payment of debts other than legal tender; not by any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto laws and undermine the obligation of contracts;, or grant any Title of Nobility . without the consent of Congress, the states may not levy import or export goods, any tax, but in order to implement the state's inspection laws are absolutely necessary, unless; any state on imports or exports, the tax imposed, United States shall be vested in the Treasury to use its net income; all such inspection laws, the Congress of the revision and control of power. without the consent of Congress, the states may not impose tonnage, shall remain in peace *** and warships, and another shall not enter into any agreement state or country, or contract, unless actually invaded, or meet urgent critical cases, it shall not engage in war.
citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the citizens of each State all the privileges and immunities. Where in any State charged with treason, felony or other crime, who shall flee from justice in another state when seized, shall on the state from which he fled the state request of the executive authority of the offender to surrender in order to transfer to the state having jurisdiction of criminal cases. Where, under a state law should in the state service or labor, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation, the lifting of such service or labor, but shall be entitled to such service or labor of a party's request to surrender.
Congress shall make no law on the following matters: an establishment of religion or prohibiting freedom of movement were taught `; restrict freedom of speech or freedom of the press; deprive citizens of peaceful assembly and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Article
third
; In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the following rights:
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No person, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury may not be sentenced to capital punishment or other infamous crimes trials, but occurred in the land or naval forces, or in time of War or public danger militia when in actual service in the case, unless.
s 〔1870〕 fifteen amendments
Thirteenth Amendment 〔1865〕
third paragraph no person who previously Zeng Yi members of Congress, or the United States government officials, members of Parliament or any State, or any state administrative or judicial officials sworn to uphold the U.S. Constitution as the future of America subversion or rebellion, or giving help or support the enemy of America, shall not serve as Senator or House of Representatives or the President and the Vice-presidential electors, as the United States or any state or under any civilian or military officials. However, both houses of Congress have the right to the 2 / 3 of the votes, remove such disability.
〔The Congress has the right to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
the first state to other states to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings shall be given full faith and credit . Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved and the effect thereof.
Di Wukuan Congress shall have power to implement this article by appropriate legislation.
without just compensation shall private property be taken for public use.
; Second Amendment 〔1791〕
The Seventh Amendment 〔1791〕
by the criminal act, at the State and district justice shall be prompt and public jury trial, which district shall have prior determined by the law;
confronted with the witnesses;
s eight Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and of the United States for the common defense and general welfare of funding; but all duties, tariffs and other taxes shall be uniform throughout the United States; to America's credit debt; management and foreign, among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; develop a uniform rule in the United States of naturalization regulations, and consistent application relating to bankruptcy laws; coin Money, regulate the value of and determining the foreign currency value, and the development of standards of weights and measures; development of counterfeiting the securities and currency United States the punishment; establish Post Offices and post Roads; to promote the progress of science and useful arts, to authors and inventors the works and inventions, in given within a certain period of patent protection; set the courts below the Supreme Court; define and punish piracy on the high seas felonies committed crimes and breaches of international law; declared war on the civilian fishing boat Ping awarded grant letters of marque and take charge reprisals license to develop the land and sea captured in war profits crystal rules; raise and support armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that, the period not exceeding two years; provide and maintain a Navy; rules for the government and control a variety of regulations *** land and sea; for calling forth the militia to execute the federal law, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; provisions of the militia organization, equipment and training, and the militia of the United States service management solution, but reserving to the States appointment of the officers, and in accordance with prescribed by Congress the power of training the Militia; for by a state and by Congress to bear to serve as the seat of government in areas of America (not exceeding ten miles square), hold on All in all matters of its legislative power; for by the state legislature agreed, to the state government purchased for construction of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other buildings where necessary, also hold the same power; - and In order to exercise these powers, and the exercise of the constitutional right of all States Government or its departments or officials of the various power to make all necessary and appropriate legal.
〔II No State representatives in the Senate When vacancies happen in the state administration authority should issue of election to fill such vacancies, but the state legislature of any State may empower the Chief Executive by the Council instructed the people fill the vacancies before the election, temporary appointments.
s Congress may permit the three new states into this Union; other state, without the consent of state legislatures and Congress, the jurisdiction of any state shall not establish a new state within the region; nor merger of the State or States, or formed part of several states New Jersey. Congress has power to dispose of the possessions of America and other industries, and develop the industry on these territories and all necessary regulations and rules and regulations; any of the provisions of this Constitution, shall be prejudicial to the United States or any state of the interpretation of the right .
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Fourteenth Amendment No. 〔1868〕
people's personal, residential , papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be infringed. except in accordance with a reasonable basis to Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things seized shall not issue a search and seizure-like.
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
people of our United States of America, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure to ourselves and our future generations can enjoy the blessings of liberty, is for the United States of America to develop and establish this Constitution.
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor;
Nineteenth Amendment
s a legislative power under the Constitution, are all of the United States Congress, the Congress consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives.
〔a〕 United States citizens the right to vote, not because of gender or any State by the United States to be deprived of or restrictions.
; this Constitution in the year 1787, the United States of America 12 years after independence, 17 September, the State present at the Constitutional Convention agreed at the meeting after the making. We would like to witness this signature. ... ...
Article V of the Constitution, proposed by Congress and approved by the state to add and modify the provisions of the United States Constitution.
United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government to protect them against Invasion; and application of the legislature or the executive (when the Legislature can not be convened) requests, against domestic violence.
s 〔1798〕 eleven amendments
Article
Di Wukuan Each House shall be the judge elections, returns and qualifications of our hospital members, each of which constitutes a majority of MPs a quorum; lack of quorum, a world can be extended to meet day to day, and the right in accordance with the procedures provided for in the House and penalties, forced attendance of absent members. Each House may determine the Court's rules of procedure, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and the concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. House and Senate shall keep a record of procedure, and often published, but the hospital require secrecy except for the part; the members of both Houses for or against each issue, if one fifth of the members present request, should be recorded in the paper records. During the session of Congress, any other House without the Consent, shall not be adjourned more than three days, nor moved to other locations meeting the two Houses.
third paragraph only to wage war against the United States, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them aid and comfort shall consist of treason. No person, such as non-testimony of two witnesses to his overt Act, or on Confession in open Court , may be convicted of treason. Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but treason, who had been deprived of civil rights, then the inheritance rights of people affected, the property of traitors can only survive in their own confiscated during the.
voters in their respective states within the assembly, elect the president and vice president, at least one of which must be belongs to the state's residents are not voters. electors shall be stated on the ballot paper the name of the person voted for as President, and in the other states to be elected on the ballot paper Vice President for the name of the person. electors shall all be elected president and of all persons who were elected Vice-President make a list of votes per capita income, and sign and certify on the list, and then seal States Government to send the seat was President of the Senate. President of the Senate members in the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and then count the votes. a presidential vote the most, such as selected from the electoral votes more than half of the total number shall be the President . if no person have such majority, the House of Representatives was elected President shall be immediately from the list of people the most votes but not more than 3 of people, vote for president. But the President, the vote count in the state as a unit, each All states have one vote on behalf of .2 / 3 of the States, a member or members present, shall constitute a quorum for the presidential election, states must require all the presidential election a majority of votes. 〔transfer of power when the presidential election to the House of Representatives , such as the hospital on March 4 in the following year shall not choose a President, Vice-President by the Deputy President, as President of the death or other constitutional disability of the case. they may have the greatest number of votes, Vice President, such as No. of votes More than half of the total number of electors selected shall be the Vice President, if no more than half the vote, the Senate should be two on the list with the most votes in the election of Vice President. Vice President elected by the Senate the total number of quorum 2 / 3 of the form , elected vice president needs a majority of the total number of senators. but not be eligible for the presidency under the Constitution the people of America are not eligible to serve as vice president.
Tenth Amendment 〔1804〕
not delegated to the United States by this Constitution, nor prohibited the exercise of the powers of the states, reserved to the States respectively, or reserved for the exercise of.
twelfth article of amendment 〔1791〕
any person not for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; shall be compelled in any criminal case against self-incrimination; without due process, shall not be deprived of life, liberty, or property.
Where a born or naturalized in the United States of America and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are the state of residence of the United States and its citizens. any State shall make or enforce United States the privileges or immunities of citizens of any law; not due process of law, shall not deprive any person of life, liberty, or property; For any person under its jurisdiction, shall not deny equal protection.
Ninth Section For a state by any existing shall think of their immigration or immigration of people, O in eighteen years ago, the Congress shall not be prohibited, but a tax or duty can, but not exceeding ten dollars per person limit . shall not be suspended habeas corpus protected by the privilege, but in the case of rebellion or invasion, the reasons of public safety unless necessary. pass any Bill of Attainder or ex post facto laws. except by this Constitution under the census or enumeration of the proportion of the population may not impose any tax or other direct taxes. on exported from any State, shall not be taxable. any business or tax regulations, shall not give preferential treatment to the ports of one state; also shall not compel any state bound to, or from a vessel, into or leaving another state, or pay duties in another. In addition to appropriations made by law, shall not make any money from the Treasury in; all public revenue and expenditure reports and accounts shall be published. States may not grant any Title of Nobility: Where in the United States government as a pension or have the responsibility to, shall, at the end by the Congress, shall not accept any king, prince or foreign, any gift , emolument, office or title.
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Enterprise unions and the formation of the institutional background of weak
Trade union of the differentiation of reality, this traditional mode of operation of trade unions and the existence of three of the , collective consultation and collective contract system lacks the legitimacy of collective action.
Keywords: enterprise unions ; redistribution fragmented labor employment, employers face the economic power and political power, to achieve and safeguard their rights to form unions need to build the collective strength enough to labor rights against employer power. However, workers formed unions to fight for the first political power, followed by the economic power. because only after the rules of the political, economic resources will have the configuration of the game.
from the planned economy in the process of transition to a market economy, the original system, a variety of traditional factors For the transition problems arising in the course will have different effects, trade unions are no exception. to countries with economies in transition as far as all countries in the pre-reform socialist system, national trade unions are in varying degrees extension of the ruling party and the government, so changes after the reform of trade union organizations are also heavily influenced by the impact of these traditional systems. For example, in the Eastern European countries before the reform of a more common form of employee managed business enterprises. In such enterprises, workers wages and employment of enterprises have great right to participate in the decision, while the union workers in the enterprise management is one of the main channel. Therefore, in the institutional transition process (including privatization), the Although the staff managed enterprises form the majority of countries have already phased out the stage of history, but the old tradition of trade union organizations, or reflects changes in different aspects of the trade union system and the evolution of new forms of organization of workers, the development of different trends, changes in its system The results also appeared in their different situations. For example, in Hungary, Poland and other countries, the new organization's corporate staff committee retained the original staff managed more traditional factors of enterprises, and thus the wages and employment of enterprises still have considerable decision-making the influence of interest in the maintenance of the role of trade unions is particularly prominent. and Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia and other countries, there is no trade union committee to establish a similar organization. trade unions in these countries is still largely inherited the traditional Some of the planned economic system's functions. in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the law provides that only union consultation on business management decision-making power, while the right to strike is severely restricted. and enterprises from the bargaining power of wage and employment point of view, Poland workers have the strongest bargaining power in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the lowest bargaining power of workers in other countries bargaining power between employees between the two (Lu Ming ,2004,81-83).
enterprise unions in China from the traditional planned economy era. While in China, plans to Eastern Europe, the planned economy era have not managed that enterprise workers, but trade unions with Chinese characteristics of the traditional enterprise.
in China's planned economy, state control of all social resources, the ownership of the property of all enterprises owned enterprises under the jurisdiction of government agencies of all, the vast majority of corporate profits have to be turned over to the authorities, then by the various government agencies such wealth as an investment, budget, public facilities, or revenue re-allocated to the labor organization. This is the so-called may be centrally planned economy, the capital goods producers, and even the fruits of labor and consumer goods are in accordance with the plans of the officials of the preferences, rather than in response to various market signals to produce or distribution . Therefore, the wage income of enterprise employees and business benefits, but about the state determined at a flat hierarchy. so-called means first of all enterprises, be dismissed, it must be reported to higher authorities for approval. So, the interests of workers, the business itself can not become the object of their interest to resort to, enterprises and workers are not the employment relationship.
Thus, in the planned economy system, In theory, trade union and employee interests are not represented or maintain the functions and role, in fact, the design and staffing of the organization is also almost no from the To represent the employees, the interests of workers in all enterprises and could not exactly have any special demands. In fact, due to high accumulation of lead countries stressed the (egalitarian) the phenomenon of low wages, will inevitably lead to (relatively) high welfare phenomenon. We are all know, the planned economy era, is fixed, the gap is not just wages relatively small part of the income of workers, the other is the larger part is the so-called provided to public housing as the representative of a wide range of various services and benefits. but rather the interests of this part, in a variety of labor organizations or the difference between the units will be very large. enterprises, labor organizations or redistribution of the internal unit is mainly carried out within this range. As the economy is a redistribution of profits paid by the companies plan to allocate, therefore, a unit within the scope of redistribution, the ability to obtain profits and access to How much profit is not important, important is the unit for depending on whether it was the exercise of its rights under the. Thus, it is composed of a separate budget from the various hierarchical levels of economic system, each level (a) The Government in its fiscal units are the jurisdiction of the various enterprises under the exercise of property rights, these enterprises constitute unit of the government revenue base. Therefore, in this economy, every government agency revenues are governed by various authorities under the various revenue and pay the government budget in a variety of business formation among composed of a variety of revenue, and trying to win the kinds of investment, subsidies, grants to expand its revenue (Waddell, 1994).
However, for enterprises, government regulatory agencies to determine the tax rate has a rather large random sex. redistributive economy in the various tax rates are determined for a particular enterprise, the tax itself is redistributive. for the production of more corporate profits may be taxed in accordance with high tax rates; produce less or no profit profit enterprises will need to be subsidized; long-term loss of the enterprises can rely on annual subsidies to continue operating. Although the state has not identified any changes in tax rates, but in their enterprises, local governments have a wide range of arbitrary decisions, that is the right to exempt from tax revenues or any proportion of the profits. Of course, the local government, it needed investment to the enterprise, that is, through the allocation of capital to the enterprise, thereby increasing their production equipment or make upgrades. However, the investment in fact fully transferred to the capital to the enterprise; the government actually took away all the profits, and thus the responsibility of repayment does not exist. government investment is planned to follow those preferences, and these preferences are not necessarily profit from a variety of consider the guidance. On the contrary, decided to invest in the direction of national plans are often the focus of similar projects or projects where short supply.
As a government agency under the jurisdiction of the governing bodies of budgetary resources and the production of a single enterprise dependence different, it extracted from different organizations have different kinds of revenue. In general, the larger budget, the more sources of revenue, local governments and enterprises in the enterprise bargaining process has left substantial budget ; the greater the chance; in other words, the local government in reducing the short-term process of tax has the greater power. And this types of benefits provided under the terms of the Fund. Conversely, if the local government budgets are small, few sources of revenue, then is not how easy the implementation of tax, and therefore, the enterprise will accumulate in the budget is not much .
keep this in the enterprise, The larger the enterprise the same jurisdiction, the more (the more sources of revenue), these enterprises, logic ability of enterprises to retain profits as a reflection, and also the jurisdiction of the government agencies to allow companies to enforce The accounts in the regulation of financial resources to retain power idle expression.
So, a company of Union in the interests of the workers how to make the maximum of it? Obviously, not in the interests of workers and the profits were split to obtain, but depends primarily on the corporate level of their respective administrative jurisdictions. Of course, the trade unions not to increase corporate executive level, on the contrary, in an enterprise , the union and the enterprise administrative level is the appropriate administrative level; that is, the welfare of workers depends on the jurisdiction of the government-owned enterprise sector administrative level, it is the superior trade union and union administrative level is the same. in a given administrative level under the premise of the stimulation is not derived from corporate profits, but keep profits, business management and workers to share from the
if that there are also differences between the period, then the first, is in the not profit) dependence, because the government jurisdictions is dependent on the resources of business and government, trade-off. Secondly, managers may still exist for an individual leaders with the staff to improve the welfare of a conflict between the requirements. However, in this conflict, the workers asked the apparent lack of Such workers may be (trade unions), it has the responsibility to monitor this, and maybe that is the only trade union under the planned economy may be truly representative of their interests, Chairman of the administrative level and terms of an overall enterprise management system is one; Therefore, the of example is the distribution of housing units in the unit leaders, including union president, without exception, the priority, and will always lead to general discontent of workers).
traditional trade unions to life, education trinity .
the union until 1988 did the trade union functions XI to productive activities Lenin, the Communist Party of the Congress of the Soviet Union on the model proposed. Lenin believed that a socialist society there is no class exploitation, so the main function of trade unions is to increase labor productivity; but there are still bureaucratic socialist society, the shortcomings, the union needs to protect the workers interests. is precisely this idea of Lenin, the formation of the socialist trade union called product of the times, but at the time considered in the redistribution process of bureaucratic abuse of power to Ideology: the workers and the business is namely, while the former refers to the need or desire their own production and the definition of the objective interests. (Bowles and Gintis 1986). However, the premise of the traditional trade unions of this nature: It is, in theory, workers and business owners with identity. Therefore, as ; direction is against the national interests against the interests of workers and leaders of the bureaucracy and corporate abuse of power. should be seen in the planned economy era, China's urban workers are in fact a special kind of , their living conditions, social status and political status are consistent with the national interests, they accept the ideological education of patriotism and nationalism, consistent with the Government's position, together against the revisionism organizations, but only the internal management of an enterprise organization. different enterprises social barrier between the workers, workers in the economy and the relative position of superiority, and workers of enterprises and their superiors, the dependent, have shown that workers can not the union represents the interests of individual as their.
However, this ) and separated workers, between workers and the hiring of corporate labor relations, or relations between labor contract. In the interests of workers and enterprises under the premise of differentiation, when the ; Enterprise Unionism by industry, occupation, or class contact, the more extensive lateral contact, but will identify organizations and a limited range of companies or factories. This recognition of trade unions at the same time, the actual in the deeper, non-reflective consciousness of workers and strengthened the level of into the socialist market economy, began to differentiate various social interests, between groups with different interests to safeguard their own interests and the interests of various organizations began to appear. However, the development of trade unions in this period is very slow, and even some local businesses to form trade unions are faced with the dilemma (also introduced the we found that, regardless of ownership enterprises, currently built or under Gonghui basically followed the old planned economy era, in the form of trade union formation, and fully apply the traditional mode of operation of trade union organizations. This is not a problem where the knot disease? This kinds of traditional trade union model in the performance of enterprises of different ownership differ in characteristics? whether it can adapt to the current pattern of multiple interests of society?
our research object is selected from the two companies, one is a typical state-owned enterprises (A enterprises), another is a Hong Kong-owned private enterprises (C Company). As the subject of this study was to analyze the nature of existing trade unions and characteristics, and the nature and characteristics of the actual workers and trade unions most closely connected with personal experience, therefore, This study includes interviews with the trade union chairman or executive officer in charge of the enterprise trade unions and business executives.
selection above the two enterprises as the main consideration is the object of study: We want to know, in today's more developed regions, enterprises of different ownership in the trade unions to establish whether the specific operation and there were some similarities; these similar properties and characteristics of what originated in the background and the specific factors; the nature and characteristics of trade union rights for the function of this stage, there really is not compared to what adaptation problems. from the research material directly reflect the situation of view, the two companies are in the eastern coastal developed areas, economic benefits are good, the average worker's income per capita income Yishang all over the country; the same time both the trade union organizations at least on the surface is sound, the two companies have the management of their own trade union satisfied or relatively satisfied with the status quo, although the understanding of the nature of trade unions that there are some differences, but have not yet appear larger contradictions and problems of scale, it is because of this, we think they are more representative of the general operation of the current situation of trade union.
C Enterprises is a private company, the boss is a local, but the money is coming from Hong Kong. strictly to be said to be a Hong Kong company, but in local zone, the factory insisted that they should be private enterprise. Group was founded in 2001, the main garment processing. was invested 50 million U.S. dollars, covering 500 mu, Development Zone Industrial Park is in the 1100-1200 yuan monthly salary. entrance rate of union membership up to no more than 30%, reportedly because workers do not want to pay union membership fees.
here (HQ) is the nature of the company, the company's leadership is not entirely the following (directly), has been working more independent, so including the union, we are now in the form, also known as Group from last year (2003) officially opened in November, the establishment of committees, groups, trade unions, these organizations are sound. Speaking of unions, I feel, a little higher, then if the request can only be just starting, because as private enterprise, we have the boss be good. for the boss to tell the truth, the trade unions is also a little sensitive. unions this thing, if too much power to find time to talk a bit about what employees, employers are also taboo, this is understandable . In foreign countries can often hear labor disputes, union representatives to negotiate with you, ah, in China, I guess probably not. But we also have appeared here to make trouble and so some employees, but also, generally small scale, but there are also a wide range of time, are also prone to conflicts not handled properly.
tell the truth, following the role of trade unions is not very large. unions ah, the workers really have anything if they will not think of looking for trade unions is it. there have been several disturbances, ah, ah go on strike, he always came first, business leaders, looking for their factory (Group subsidiary factory) leadership, the leadership can not be resolved if the factory, where the boss will come to find.
we have they also hope to resolve through trade unions, but union workers in the case of hh he was clear: Enterprise interviews)
fact, C is the trade union in principle, a higher level (zone) set up under the union demands, so we know the union, he said this Trade Union under the system of nature, trade union leaders from the corporate executives act, the workers union is difficult to agree that they , trade unions can not represent the interests of workers with the boss of dialogue, negotiation, then the nature of the trade unions are doing this thing?
it is to organize a number of trade union activities, ah, ah to travel to participate in a number of parties, engage in some recreational activities ah . because so many people, the total number of activities should be organized, this is one. The second is to (help) difficult people, difficult people will be put forward, sometimes we understand that they would take the initiative to solve some, and sometimes manager know, the boss will bring a union to go. charges it, often from the activities of trade unions in the cost. (C companies interviews)
under the planned economy, as many as trade unions, workers on the role of trade unions is not practical to hold much hope, unions create the impression that grass-roots trade unions should have the features such as interest aggregation, integration views, express their demands so it is impossible here have.
primary trade union group ah? know there is not, I am not clear. In the final analysis it, the work of trade unions is still relatively weak. hey, it is a lack of the awareness of workers; But then, China's bosses do not have this sense of community opinion, too, human rights, ah, ah sense of democracy, rights, ah aspects This is not like the attention abroad. You Imagine Office on behalf of workers if we negotiate with the boss, then director of the office would like to stay here? (everyone laughs), right, even at the in what you do with the meaning? This is very real. In China the situation is different. (C companies interviews)
fact, dismissed union president is not no thing, though, removal of trade union under term President and Vice President. relationship; The union president, if it is the case, you think about working in a private enterprise, even if the district in the Union to help you come out, oh, What does this mean? not make sense, the boss see how you feel, oh, this is not the same. That is, as this abroad (to maintain the rights of trade unions) the concept is not suitable in China. So if you have studied, can consider the characteristics of how out of China. It's the power of trade unions, and its role in how, it'd be worth studying, but can not copy from abroad, just as we like the Chinese reality Oh, the Clinton people can just go and curse You said that China these situations, you say? hh this No, not the same. (C companies interviews)
as a private, C Company of the union is not endogenous, but applied to the traditional trade union model private sector in the past. Maybe there will not be expelled from state-owned enterprises in trade union chairman of the problems, but others do, such as part-time union leaders, business executives, union workers can not represent the reality of the trade union negotiations and other forms of organizational activities, with the traditional trade unions is no different.
then, the situation of trade unions of state-owned enterprises and how?
A company is a wholly state-owned enterprises after the reform. formerly a district of Hangzhou, the water plant, restructuring of the area when the annexation of several other rural enterprises nature of the water plant, water supply group was established in 2002, established a trade union group, a body affiliated trade unions, trade unions and water 5 minutes 4 branch trade unions. group of companies and employees on 394, 394 union members, union Membership rate of 100%. 109 members of which 49 were party members; college degree or above 134 employees, 77 professional and technical staff, technical workers and 141. the average monthly salary of 1,700 yuan employees, most employees are locals.
this state-owned enterprises in the trade union chairman understanding of the role of enterprise unions have considerable representation:
trade unions are mass organizations under the same level party committees. Our union is not spontaneous. districts, cities, provinces are required, including conversion over the state-owned enterprises, private enterprises are to be created, from top to bottom should be established. It is different with Chinese characteristics and foreign. Our manager is the party secretary and chairman of the board, we (union) work is in the party under the leadership of the CEOs under the leadership of. Our union is in party leadership, on how to play the existing union members the enthusiasm around the party's central task mm enterprise's economic development, mobilization of union members initiative, offer advice and suggestions. We is pure state-owned companies, not foreign. tell the truth, the state-owned enterprise unions do a lot of work. Our union still inherit and carry forward the planned economy era, the trade union experience. I do trade unions for many years. Now the main work of trade unions ; rights. Member of the duty is to offer advice, promote the union of the old traditions. to our party, the Board's decision-making implement. Now all trade unions, I do not exist here: First rights. us small state-owned enterprises, purely state-owned enterprises in our district much, I estimate that only about one or two sewage treatment plants. Of course we are not here does not exist (problem), at least not prominent. The second is money. Central Government is supportive and to money money. We are here to ensure Why? We are not capitalist countries, who have money who was elected mayor, who as leader, you have no money you go. us different, we are led by the CPC. According to China Law, a medical examination, the trade unions are involved, are administrative guaranteed. our organization excellent advanced workers, outside out of air. two years time, the Chief are guaranteed. third. We can there be 10 primary trade union, we send the file administration , 100 yuan per year for each member to ensure, and to 100 yuan to trade unions; which are all over the state, are more than 6%. other difficult to guarantee trade union issues, we have guaranteed. time for union activities , I can guarantee here. We are on an annual basis the nature of our work, authorities are three shifts, according to weekend or other arrangements. Chinese trade unions in the past good things, we are saved. state-owned enterprises do good. (A business record of an interview - Union President)
A is a wholly-owned enterprise restructuring state-owned enterprises, enterprise autonomy and have management responsibility, business owners must be responsible for state assets. So, business owners will naturally not be as thought the planned economic system as a problem. In short, the face of corporate interests and the interests of both workers relations, state-owned enterprise managers also need to make a choice. A company's general manager and Party secretary of the union role in some of their views is very status quo:
Now the union is just too high, and in fact it is difficult to engage in further increase , there is no way to operate. This and the (national) policy between large.
our union, to my understanding by the ; much better.
Keywords: enterprise unions ; redistribution fragmented labor employment, employers face the economic power and political power, to achieve and safeguard their rights to form unions need to build the collective strength enough to labor rights against employer power. However, workers formed unions to fight for the first political power, followed by the economic power. because only after the rules of the political, economic resources will have the configuration of the game.
from the planned economy in the process of transition to a market economy, the original system, a variety of traditional factors For the transition problems arising in the course will have different effects, trade unions are no exception. to countries with economies in transition as far as all countries in the pre-reform socialist system, national trade unions are in varying degrees extension of the ruling party and the government, so changes after the reform of trade union organizations are also heavily influenced by the impact of these traditional systems. For example, in the Eastern European countries before the reform of a more common form of employee managed business enterprises. In such enterprises, workers wages and employment of enterprises have great right to participate in the decision, while the union workers in the enterprise management is one of the main channel. Therefore, in the institutional transition process (including privatization), the Although the staff managed enterprises form the majority of countries have already phased out the stage of history, but the old tradition of trade union organizations, or reflects changes in different aspects of the trade union system and the evolution of new forms of organization of workers, the development of different trends, changes in its system The results also appeared in their different situations. For example, in Hungary, Poland and other countries, the new organization's corporate staff committee retained the original staff managed more traditional factors of enterprises, and thus the wages and employment of enterprises still have considerable decision-making the influence of interest in the maintenance of the role of trade unions is particularly prominent. and Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia and other countries, there is no trade union committee to establish a similar organization. trade unions in these countries is still largely inherited the traditional Some of the planned economic system's functions. in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the law provides that only union consultation on business management decision-making power, while the right to strike is severely restricted. and enterprises from the bargaining power of wage and employment point of view, Poland workers have the strongest bargaining power in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the lowest bargaining power of workers in other countries bargaining power between employees between the two (Lu Ming ,2004,81-83).
enterprise unions in China from the traditional planned economy era. While in China, plans to Eastern Europe, the planned economy era have not managed that enterprise workers, but trade unions with Chinese characteristics of the traditional enterprise.
in China's planned economy, state control of all social resources, the ownership of the property of all enterprises owned enterprises under the jurisdiction of government agencies of all, the vast majority of corporate profits have to be turned over to the authorities, then by the various government agencies such wealth as an investment, budget, public facilities, or revenue re-allocated to the labor organization. This is the so-called may be centrally planned economy, the capital goods producers, and even the fruits of labor and consumer goods are in accordance with the plans of the officials of the preferences, rather than in response to various market signals to produce or distribution . Therefore, the wage income of enterprise employees and business benefits, but about the state determined at a flat hierarchy. so-called means first of all enterprises, be dismissed, it must be reported to higher authorities for approval. So, the interests of workers, the business itself can not become the object of their interest to resort to, enterprises and workers are not the employment relationship.
Thus, in the planned economy system, In theory, trade union and employee interests are not represented or maintain the functions and role, in fact, the design and staffing of the organization is also almost no from the To represent the employees, the interests of workers in all enterprises and could not exactly have any special demands. In fact, due to high accumulation of lead countries stressed the (egalitarian) the phenomenon of low wages, will inevitably lead to (relatively) high welfare phenomenon. We are all know, the planned economy era, is fixed, the gap is not just wages relatively small part of the income of workers, the other is the larger part is the so-called provided to public housing as the representative of a wide range of various services and benefits. but rather the interests of this part, in a variety of labor organizations or the difference between the units will be very large. enterprises, labor organizations or redistribution of the internal unit is mainly carried out within this range. As the economy is a redistribution of profits paid by the companies plan to allocate, therefore, a unit within the scope of redistribution, the ability to obtain profits and access to How much profit is not important, important is the unit for depending on whether it was the exercise of its rights under the. Thus, it is composed of a separate budget from the various hierarchical levels of economic system, each level (a) The Government in its fiscal units are the jurisdiction of the various enterprises under the exercise of property rights, these enterprises constitute unit of the government revenue base. Therefore, in this economy, every government agency revenues are governed by various authorities under the various revenue and pay the government budget in a variety of business formation among composed of a variety of revenue, and trying to win the kinds of investment, subsidies, grants to expand its revenue (Waddell, 1994).
However, for enterprises, government regulatory agencies to determine the tax rate has a rather large random sex. redistributive economy in the various tax rates are determined for a particular enterprise, the tax itself is redistributive. for the production of more corporate profits may be taxed in accordance with high tax rates; produce less or no profit profit enterprises will need to be subsidized; long-term loss of the enterprises can rely on annual subsidies to continue operating. Although the state has not identified any changes in tax rates, but in their enterprises, local governments have a wide range of arbitrary decisions, that is the right to exempt from tax revenues or any proportion of the profits. Of course, the local government, it needed investment to the enterprise, that is, through the allocation of capital to the enterprise, thereby increasing their production equipment or make upgrades. However, the investment in fact fully transferred to the capital to the enterprise; the government actually took away all the profits, and thus the responsibility of repayment does not exist. government investment is planned to follow those preferences, and these preferences are not necessarily profit from a variety of consider the guidance. On the contrary, decided to invest in the direction of national plans are often the focus of similar projects or projects where short supply.
As a government agency under the jurisdiction of the governing bodies of budgetary resources and the production of a single enterprise dependence different, it extracted from different organizations have different kinds of revenue. In general, the larger budget, the more sources of revenue, local governments and enterprises in the enterprise bargaining process has left substantial budget ; the greater the chance; in other words, the local government in reducing the short-term process of tax has the greater power. And this types of benefits provided under the terms of the Fund. Conversely, if the local government budgets are small, few sources of revenue, then is not how easy the implementation of tax, and therefore, the enterprise will accumulate in the budget is not much .
keep this in the enterprise, The larger the enterprise the same jurisdiction, the more (the more sources of revenue), these enterprises, logic ability of enterprises to retain profits as a reflection, and also the jurisdiction of the government agencies to allow companies to enforce The accounts in the regulation of financial resources to retain power idle expression.
So, a company of Union in the interests of the workers how to make the maximum of it? Obviously, not in the interests of workers and the profits were split to obtain, but depends primarily on the corporate level of their respective administrative jurisdictions. Of course, the trade unions not to increase corporate executive level, on the contrary, in an enterprise , the union and the enterprise administrative level is the appropriate administrative level; that is, the welfare of workers depends on the jurisdiction of the government-owned enterprise sector administrative level, it is the superior trade union and union administrative level is the same. in a given administrative level under the premise of the stimulation is not derived from corporate profits, but keep profits, business management and workers to share from the
if that there are also differences between the period, then the first, is in the not profit) dependence, because the government jurisdictions is dependent on the resources of business and government, trade-off. Secondly, managers may still exist for an individual leaders with the staff to improve the welfare of a conflict between the requirements. However, in this conflict, the workers asked the apparent lack of Such workers may be (trade unions), it has the responsibility to monitor this, and maybe that is the only trade union under the planned economy may be truly representative of their interests, Chairman of the administrative level and terms of an overall enterprise management system is one; Therefore, the of example is the distribution of housing units in the unit leaders, including union president, without exception, the priority, and will always lead to general discontent of workers).
traditional trade unions to life, education trinity .
the union until 1988 did the trade union functions XI to productive activities Lenin, the Communist Party of the Congress of the Soviet Union on the model proposed. Lenin believed that a socialist society there is no class exploitation, so the main function of trade unions is to increase labor productivity; but there are still bureaucratic socialist society, the shortcomings, the union needs to protect the workers interests. is precisely this idea of Lenin, the formation of the socialist trade union called product of the times, but at the time considered in the redistribution process of bureaucratic abuse of power to Ideology: the workers and the business is namely, while the former refers to the need or desire their own production and the definition of the objective interests. (Bowles and Gintis 1986). However, the premise of the traditional trade unions of this nature: It is, in theory, workers and business owners with identity. Therefore, as ; direction is against the national interests against the interests of workers and leaders of the bureaucracy and corporate abuse of power. should be seen in the planned economy era, China's urban workers are in fact a special kind of , their living conditions, social status and political status are consistent with the national interests, they accept the ideological education of patriotism and nationalism, consistent with the Government's position, together against the revisionism organizations, but only the internal management of an enterprise organization. different enterprises social barrier between the workers, workers in the economy and the relative position of superiority, and workers of enterprises and their superiors, the dependent, have shown that workers can not the union represents the interests of individual as their.
However, this ) and separated workers, between workers and the hiring of corporate labor relations, or relations between labor contract. In the interests of workers and enterprises under the premise of differentiation, when the ; Enterprise Unionism by industry, occupation, or class contact, the more extensive lateral contact, but will identify organizations and a limited range of companies or factories. This recognition of trade unions at the same time, the actual in the deeper, non-reflective consciousness of workers and strengthened the level of into the socialist market economy, began to differentiate various social interests, between groups with different interests to safeguard their own interests and the interests of various organizations began to appear. However, the development of trade unions in this period is very slow, and even some local businesses to form trade unions are faced with the dilemma (also introduced the we found that, regardless of ownership enterprises, currently built or under Gonghui basically followed the old planned economy era, in the form of trade union formation, and fully apply the traditional mode of operation of trade union organizations. This is not a problem where the knot disease? This kinds of traditional trade union model in the performance of enterprises of different ownership differ in characteristics? whether it can adapt to the current pattern of multiple interests of society?
our research object is selected from the two companies, one is a typical state-owned enterprises (A enterprises), another is a Hong Kong-owned private enterprises (C Company). As the subject of this study was to analyze the nature of existing trade unions and characteristics, and the nature and characteristics of the actual workers and trade unions most closely connected with personal experience, therefore, This study includes interviews with the trade union chairman or executive officer in charge of the enterprise trade unions and business executives.
selection above the two enterprises as the main consideration is the object of study: We want to know, in today's more developed regions, enterprises of different ownership in the trade unions to establish whether the specific operation and there were some similarities; these similar properties and characteristics of what originated in the background and the specific factors; the nature and characteristics of trade union rights for the function of this stage, there really is not compared to what adaptation problems. from the research material directly reflect the situation of view, the two companies are in the eastern coastal developed areas, economic benefits are good, the average worker's income per capita income Yishang all over the country; the same time both the trade union organizations at least on the surface is sound, the two companies have the management of their own trade union satisfied or relatively satisfied with the status quo, although the understanding of the nature of trade unions that there are some differences, but have not yet appear larger contradictions and problems of scale, it is because of this, we think they are more representative of the general operation of the current situation of trade union.
C Enterprises is a private company, the boss is a local, but the money is coming from Hong Kong. strictly to be said to be a Hong Kong company, but in local zone, the factory insisted that they should be private enterprise. Group was founded in 2001, the main garment processing. was invested 50 million U.S. dollars, covering 500 mu, Development Zone Industrial Park is in the 1100-1200 yuan monthly salary. entrance rate of union membership up to no more than 30%, reportedly because workers do not want to pay union membership fees.
here (HQ) is the nature of the company, the company's leadership is not entirely the following (directly), has been working more independent, so including the union, we are now in the form, also known as Group from last year (2003) officially opened in November, the establishment of committees, groups, trade unions, these organizations are sound. Speaking of unions, I feel, a little higher, then if the request can only be just starting, because as private enterprise, we have the boss be good. for the boss to tell the truth, the trade unions is also a little sensitive. unions this thing, if too much power to find time to talk a bit about what employees, employers are also taboo, this is understandable . In foreign countries can often hear labor disputes, union representatives to negotiate with you, ah, in China, I guess probably not. But we also have appeared here to make trouble and so some employees, but also, generally small scale, but there are also a wide range of time, are also prone to conflicts not handled properly.
tell the truth, following the role of trade unions is not very large. unions ah, the workers really have anything if they will not think of looking for trade unions is it. there have been several disturbances, ah, ah go on strike, he always came first, business leaders, looking for their factory (Group subsidiary factory) leadership, the leadership can not be resolved if the factory, where the boss will come to find.
we have they also hope to resolve through trade unions, but union workers in the case of hh he was clear: Enterprise interviews)
fact, C is the trade union in principle, a higher level (zone) set up under the union demands, so we know the union, he said this Trade Union under the system of nature, trade union leaders from the corporate executives act, the workers union is difficult to agree that they , trade unions can not represent the interests of workers with the boss of dialogue, negotiation, then the nature of the trade unions are doing this thing?
it is to organize a number of trade union activities, ah, ah to travel to participate in a number of parties, engage in some recreational activities ah . because so many people, the total number of activities should be organized, this is one. The second is to (help) difficult people, difficult people will be put forward, sometimes we understand that they would take the initiative to solve some, and sometimes manager know, the boss will bring a union to go. charges it, often from the activities of trade unions in the cost. (C companies interviews)
under the planned economy, as many as trade unions, workers on the role of trade unions is not practical to hold much hope, unions create the impression that grass-roots trade unions should have the features such as interest aggregation, integration views, express their demands so it is impossible here have.
primary trade union group ah? know there is not, I am not clear. In the final analysis it, the work of trade unions is still relatively weak. hey, it is a lack of the awareness of workers; But then, China's bosses do not have this sense of community opinion, too, human rights, ah, ah sense of democracy, rights, ah aspects This is not like the attention abroad. You Imagine Office on behalf of workers if we negotiate with the boss, then director of the office would like to stay here? (everyone laughs), right, even at the in what you do with the meaning? This is very real. In China the situation is different. (C companies interviews)
fact, dismissed union president is not no thing, though, removal of trade union under term President and Vice President. relationship; The union president, if it is the case, you think about working in a private enterprise, even if the district in the Union to help you come out, oh, What does this mean? not make sense, the boss see how you feel, oh, this is not the same. That is, as this abroad (to maintain the rights of trade unions) the concept is not suitable in China. So if you have studied, can consider the characteristics of how out of China. It's the power of trade unions, and its role in how, it'd be worth studying, but can not copy from abroad, just as we like the Chinese reality Oh, the Clinton people can just go and curse You said that China these situations, you say? hh this No, not the same. (C companies interviews)
as a private, C Company of the union is not endogenous, but applied to the traditional trade union model private sector in the past. Maybe there will not be expelled from state-owned enterprises in trade union chairman of the problems, but others do, such as part-time union leaders, business executives, union workers can not represent the reality of the trade union negotiations and other forms of organizational activities, with the traditional trade unions is no different.
then, the situation of trade unions of state-owned enterprises and how?
A company is a wholly state-owned enterprises after the reform. formerly a district of Hangzhou, the water plant, restructuring of the area when the annexation of several other rural enterprises nature of the water plant, water supply group was established in 2002, established a trade union group, a body affiliated trade unions, trade unions and water 5 minutes 4 branch trade unions. group of companies and employees on 394, 394 union members, union Membership rate of 100%. 109 members of which 49 were party members; college degree or above 134 employees, 77 professional and technical staff, technical workers and 141. the average monthly salary of 1,700 yuan employees, most employees are locals.
this state-owned enterprises in the trade union chairman understanding of the role of enterprise unions have considerable representation:
trade unions are mass organizations under the same level party committees. Our union is not spontaneous. districts, cities, provinces are required, including conversion over the state-owned enterprises, private enterprises are to be created, from top to bottom should be established. It is different with Chinese characteristics and foreign. Our manager is the party secretary and chairman of the board, we (union) work is in the party under the leadership of the CEOs under the leadership of. Our union is in party leadership, on how to play the existing union members the enthusiasm around the party's central task mm enterprise's economic development, mobilization of union members initiative, offer advice and suggestions. We is pure state-owned companies, not foreign. tell the truth, the state-owned enterprise unions do a lot of work. Our union still inherit and carry forward the planned economy era, the trade union experience. I do trade unions for many years. Now the main work of trade unions ; rights. Member of the duty is to offer advice, promote the union of the old traditions. to our party, the Board's decision-making implement. Now all trade unions, I do not exist here: First rights. us small state-owned enterprises, purely state-owned enterprises in our district much, I estimate that only about one or two sewage treatment plants. Of course we are not here does not exist (problem), at least not prominent. The second is money. Central Government is supportive and to money money. We are here to ensure Why? We are not capitalist countries, who have money who was elected mayor, who as leader, you have no money you go. us different, we are led by the CPC. According to China Law, a medical examination, the trade unions are involved, are administrative guaranteed. our organization excellent advanced workers, outside out of air. two years time, the Chief are guaranteed. third. We can there be 10 primary trade union, we send the file administration , 100 yuan per year for each member to ensure, and to 100 yuan to trade unions; which are all over the state, are more than 6%. other difficult to guarantee trade union issues, we have guaranteed. time for union activities , I can guarantee here. We are on an annual basis the nature of our work, authorities are three shifts, according to weekend or other arrangements. Chinese trade unions in the past good things, we are saved. state-owned enterprises do good. (A business record of an interview - Union President)
A is a wholly-owned enterprise restructuring state-owned enterprises, enterprise autonomy and have management responsibility, business owners must be responsible for state assets. So, business owners will naturally not be as thought the planned economic system as a problem. In short, the face of corporate interests and the interests of both workers relations, state-owned enterprise managers also need to make a choice. A company's general manager and Party secretary of the union role in some of their views is very status quo:
Now the union is just too high, and in fact it is difficult to engage in further increase , there is no way to operate. This and the (national) policy between large.
our union, to my understanding by the ; much better.
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