Trade union of the differentiation of reality, this traditional mode of operation of trade unions and the existence of three of the , collective consultation and collective contract system lacks the legitimacy of collective action.
Keywords: enterprise unions ; redistribution fragmented labor employment, employers face the economic power and political power, to achieve and safeguard their rights to form unions need to build the collective strength enough to labor rights against employer power. However, workers formed unions to fight for the first political power, followed by the economic power. because only after the rules of the political, economic resources will have the configuration of the game.
from the planned economy in the process of transition to a market economy, the original system, a variety of traditional factors For the transition problems arising in the course will have different effects, trade unions are no exception. to countries with economies in transition as far as all countries in the pre-reform socialist system, national trade unions are in varying degrees extension of the ruling party and the government, so changes after the reform of trade union organizations are also heavily influenced by the impact of these traditional systems. For example, in the Eastern European countries before the reform of a more common form of employee managed business enterprises. In such enterprises, workers wages and employment of enterprises have great right to participate in the decision, while the union workers in the enterprise management is one of the main channel. Therefore, in the institutional transition process (including privatization), the Although the staff managed enterprises form the majority of countries have already phased out the stage of history, but the old tradition of trade union organizations, or reflects changes in different aspects of the trade union system and the evolution of new forms of organization of workers, the development of different trends, changes in its system The results also appeared in their different situations. For example, in Hungary, Poland and other countries, the new organization's corporate staff committee retained the original staff managed more traditional factors of enterprises, and thus the wages and employment of enterprises still have considerable decision-making the influence of interest in the maintenance of the role of trade unions is particularly prominent. and Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia and other countries, there is no trade union committee to establish a similar organization. trade unions in these countries is still largely inherited the traditional Some of the planned economic system's functions. in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the law provides that only union consultation on business management decision-making power, while the right to strike is severely restricted. and enterprises from the bargaining power of wage and employment point of view, Poland workers have the strongest bargaining power in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the lowest bargaining power of workers in other countries bargaining power between employees between the two (Lu Ming ,2004,81-83).
enterprise unions in China from the traditional planned economy era. While in China, plans to Eastern Europe, the planned economy era have not managed that enterprise workers, but trade unions with Chinese characteristics of the traditional enterprise.
in China's planned economy, state control of all social resources, the ownership of the property of all enterprises owned enterprises under the jurisdiction of government agencies of all, the vast majority of corporate profits have to be turned over to the authorities, then by the various government agencies such wealth as an investment, budget, public facilities, or revenue re-allocated to the labor organization. This is the so-called may be centrally planned economy, the capital goods producers, and even the fruits of labor and consumer goods are in accordance with the plans of the officials of the preferences, rather than in response to various market signals to produce or distribution . Therefore, the wage income of enterprise employees and business benefits, but about the state determined at a flat hierarchy. so-called means first of all enterprises, be dismissed, it must be reported to higher authorities for approval. So, the interests of workers, the business itself can not become the object of their interest to resort to, enterprises and workers are not the employment relationship.
Thus, in the planned economy system, In theory, trade union and employee interests are not represented or maintain the functions and role, in fact, the design and staffing of the organization is also almost no from the To represent the employees, the interests of workers in all enterprises and could not exactly have any special demands. In fact, due to high accumulation of lead countries stressed the (egalitarian) the phenomenon of low wages, will inevitably lead to (relatively) high welfare phenomenon. We are all know, the planned economy era, is fixed, the gap is not just wages relatively small part of the income of workers, the other is the larger part is the so-called provided to public housing as the representative of a wide range of various services and benefits. but rather the interests of this part, in a variety of labor organizations or the difference between the units will be very large. enterprises, labor organizations or redistribution of the internal unit is mainly carried out within this range. As the economy is a redistribution of profits paid by the companies plan to allocate, therefore, a unit within the scope of redistribution, the ability to obtain profits and access to How much profit is not important, important is the unit for depending on whether it was the exercise of its rights under the. Thus, it is composed of a separate budget from the various hierarchical levels of economic system, each level (a) The Government in its fiscal units are the jurisdiction of the various enterprises under the exercise of property rights, these enterprises constitute unit of the government revenue base. Therefore, in this economy, every government agency revenues are governed by various authorities under the various revenue and pay the government budget in a variety of business formation among composed of a variety of revenue, and trying to win the kinds of investment, subsidies, grants to expand its revenue (Waddell, 1994).
However, for enterprises, government regulatory agencies to determine the tax rate has a rather large random sex. redistributive economy in the various tax rates are determined for a particular enterprise, the tax itself is redistributive. for the production of more corporate profits may be taxed in accordance with high tax rates; produce less or no profit profit enterprises will need to be subsidized; long-term loss of the enterprises can rely on annual subsidies to continue operating. Although the state has not identified any changes in tax rates, but in their enterprises, local governments have a wide range of arbitrary decisions, that is the right to exempt from tax revenues or any proportion of the profits. Of course, the local government, it needed investment to the enterprise, that is, through the allocation of capital to the enterprise, thereby increasing their production equipment or make upgrades. However, the investment in fact fully transferred to the capital to the enterprise; the government actually took away all the profits, and thus the responsibility of repayment does not exist. government investment is planned to follow those preferences, and these preferences are not necessarily profit from a variety of consider the guidance. On the contrary, decided to invest in the direction of national plans are often the focus of similar projects or projects where short supply.
As a government agency under the jurisdiction of the governing bodies of budgetary resources and the production of a single enterprise dependence different, it extracted from different organizations have different kinds of revenue. In general, the larger budget, the more sources of revenue, local governments and enterprises in the enterprise bargaining process has left substantial budget ; the greater the chance; in other words, the local government in reducing the short-term process of tax has the greater power. And this types of benefits provided under the terms of the Fund. Conversely, if the local government budgets are small, few sources of revenue, then is not how easy the implementation of tax, and therefore, the enterprise will accumulate in the budget is not much .
keep this in the enterprise, The larger the enterprise the same jurisdiction, the more (the more sources of revenue), these enterprises, logic ability of enterprises to retain profits as a reflection, and also the jurisdiction of the government agencies to allow companies to enforce The accounts in the regulation of financial resources to retain power idle expression.
So, a company of Union in the interests of the workers how to make the maximum of it? Obviously, not in the interests of workers and the profits were split to obtain, but depends primarily on the corporate level of their respective administrative jurisdictions. Of course, the trade unions not to increase corporate executive level, on the contrary, in an enterprise , the union and the enterprise administrative level is the appropriate administrative level; that is, the welfare of workers depends on the jurisdiction of the government-owned enterprise sector administrative level, it is the superior trade union and union administrative level is the same. in a given administrative level under the premise of the stimulation is not derived from corporate profits, but keep profits, business management and workers to share from the
if that there are also differences between the period, then the first, is in the not profit) dependence, because the government jurisdictions is dependent on the resources of business and government, trade-off. Secondly, managers may still exist for an individual leaders with the staff to improve the welfare of a conflict between the requirements. However, in this conflict, the workers asked the apparent lack of Such workers may be (trade unions), it has the responsibility to monitor this, and maybe that is the only trade union under the planned economy may be truly representative of their interests, Chairman of the administrative level and terms of an overall enterprise management system is one; Therefore, the of example is the distribution of housing units in the unit leaders, including union president, without exception, the priority, and will always lead to general discontent of workers).
traditional trade unions to life, education trinity .
the union until 1988 did the trade union functions XI to productive activities Lenin, the Communist Party of the Congress of the Soviet Union on the model proposed. Lenin believed that a socialist society there is no class exploitation, so the main function of trade unions is to increase labor productivity; but there are still bureaucratic socialist society, the shortcomings, the union needs to protect the workers interests. is precisely this idea of Lenin, the formation of the socialist trade union called product of the times, but at the time considered in the redistribution process of bureaucratic abuse of power to Ideology: the workers and the business is namely, while the former refers to the need or desire their own production and the definition of the objective interests. (Bowles and Gintis 1986). However, the premise of the traditional trade unions of this nature: It is, in theory, workers and business owners with identity. Therefore, as ; direction is against the national interests against the interests of workers and leaders of the bureaucracy and corporate abuse of power. should be seen in the planned economy era, China's urban workers are in fact a special kind of , their living conditions, social status and political status are consistent with the national interests, they accept the ideological education of patriotism and nationalism, consistent with the Government's position, together against the revisionism organizations, but only the internal management of an enterprise organization. different enterprises social barrier between the workers, workers in the economy and the relative position of superiority, and workers of enterprises and their superiors, the dependent, have shown that workers can not the union represents the interests of individual as their.
However, this ) and separated workers, between workers and the hiring of corporate labor relations, or relations between labor contract. In the interests of workers and enterprises under the premise of differentiation, when the ; Enterprise Unionism by industry, occupation, or class contact, the more extensive lateral contact, but will identify organizations and a limited range of companies or factories. This recognition of trade unions at the same time, the actual in the deeper, non-reflective consciousness of workers and strengthened the level of into the socialist market economy, began to differentiate various social interests, between groups with different interests to safeguard their own interests and the interests of various organizations began to appear. However, the development of trade unions in this period is very slow, and even some local businesses to form trade unions are faced with the dilemma (also introduced the we found that, regardless of ownership enterprises, currently built or under Gonghui basically followed the old planned economy era, in the form of trade union formation, and fully apply the traditional mode of operation of trade union organizations. This is not a problem where the knot disease? This kinds of traditional trade union model in the performance of enterprises of different ownership differ in characteristics? whether it can adapt to the current pattern of multiple interests of society?
our research object is selected from the two companies, one is a typical state-owned enterprises (A enterprises), another is a Hong Kong-owned private enterprises (C Company). As the subject of this study was to analyze the nature of existing trade unions and characteristics, and the nature and characteristics of the actual workers and trade unions most closely connected with personal experience, therefore, This study includes interviews with the trade union chairman or executive officer in charge of the enterprise trade unions and business executives.
selection above the two enterprises as the main consideration is the object of study: We want to know, in today's more developed regions, enterprises of different ownership in the trade unions to establish whether the specific operation and there were some similarities; these similar properties and characteristics of what originated in the background and the specific factors; the nature and characteristics of trade union rights for the function of this stage, there really is not compared to what adaptation problems. from the research material directly reflect the situation of view, the two companies are in the eastern coastal developed areas, economic benefits are good, the average worker's income per capita income Yishang all over the country; the same time both the trade union organizations at least on the surface is sound, the two companies have the management of their own trade union satisfied or relatively satisfied with the status quo, although the understanding of the nature of trade unions that there are some differences, but have not yet appear larger contradictions and problems of scale, it is because of this, we think they are more representative of the general operation of the current situation of trade union.
C Enterprises is a private company, the boss is a local, but the money is coming from Hong Kong. strictly to be said to be a Hong Kong company, but in local zone, the factory insisted that they should be private enterprise. Group was founded in 2001, the main garment processing. was invested 50 million U.S. dollars, covering 500 mu, Development Zone Industrial Park is in the 1100-1200 yuan monthly salary. entrance rate of union membership up to no more than 30%, reportedly because workers do not want to pay union membership fees.
here (HQ) is the nature of the company, the company's leadership is not entirely the following (directly), has been working more independent, so including the union, we are now in the form, also known as Group from last year (2003) officially opened in November, the establishment of committees, groups, trade unions, these organizations are sound. Speaking of unions, I feel, a little higher, then if the request can only be just starting, because as private enterprise, we have the boss be good. for the boss to tell the truth, the trade unions is also a little sensitive. unions this thing, if too much power to find time to talk a bit about what employees, employers are also taboo, this is understandable . In foreign countries can often hear labor disputes, union representatives to negotiate with you, ah, in China, I guess probably not. But we also have appeared here to make trouble and so some employees, but also, generally small scale, but there are also a wide range of time, are also prone to conflicts not handled properly.
tell the truth, following the role of trade unions is not very large. unions ah, the workers really have anything if they will not think of looking for trade unions is it. there have been several disturbances, ah, ah go on strike, he always came first, business leaders, looking for their factory (Group subsidiary factory) leadership, the leadership can not be resolved if the factory, where the boss will come to find.
we have they also hope to resolve through trade unions, but union workers in the case of hh he was clear: Enterprise interviews)
fact, C is the trade union in principle, a higher level (zone) set up under the union demands, so we know the union, he said this Trade Union under the system of nature, trade union leaders from the corporate executives act, the workers union is difficult to agree that they , trade unions can not represent the interests of workers with the boss of dialogue, negotiation, then the nature of the trade unions are doing this thing?
it is to organize a number of trade union activities, ah, ah to travel to participate in a number of parties, engage in some recreational activities ah . because so many people, the total number of activities should be organized, this is one. The second is to (help) difficult people, difficult people will be put forward, sometimes we understand that they would take the initiative to solve some, and sometimes manager know, the boss will bring a union to go. charges it, often from the activities of trade unions in the cost. (C companies interviews)
under the planned economy, as many as trade unions, workers on the role of trade unions is not practical to hold much hope, unions create the impression that grass-roots trade unions should have the features such as interest aggregation, integration views, express their demands so it is impossible here have.
primary trade union group ah? know there is not, I am not clear. In the final analysis it, the work of trade unions is still relatively weak. hey, it is a lack of the awareness of workers; But then, China's bosses do not have this sense of community opinion, too, human rights, ah, ah sense of democracy, rights, ah aspects This is not like the attention abroad. You Imagine Office on behalf of workers if we negotiate with the boss, then director of the office would like to stay here? (everyone laughs), right, even at the in what you do with the meaning? This is very real. In China the situation is different. (C companies interviews)
fact, dismissed union president is not no thing, though, removal of trade union under term President and Vice President. relationship; The union president, if it is the case, you think about working in a private enterprise, even if the district in the Union to help you come out, oh, What does this mean? not make sense, the boss see how you feel, oh, this is not the same. That is, as this abroad (to maintain the rights of trade unions) the concept is not suitable in China. So if you have studied, can consider the characteristics of how out of China. It's the power of trade unions, and its role in how, it'd be worth studying, but can not copy from abroad, just as we like the Chinese reality Oh, the Clinton people can just go and curse You said that China these situations, you say? hh this No, not the same. (C companies interviews)
as a private, C Company of the union is not endogenous, but applied to the traditional trade union model private sector in the past. Maybe there will not be expelled from state-owned enterprises in trade union chairman of the problems, but others do, such as part-time union leaders, business executives, union workers can not represent the reality of the trade union negotiations and other forms of organizational activities, with the traditional trade unions is no different.
then, the situation of trade unions of state-owned enterprises and how?
A company is a wholly state-owned enterprises after the reform. formerly a district of Hangzhou, the water plant, restructuring of the area when the annexation of several other rural enterprises nature of the water plant, water supply group was established in 2002, established a trade union group, a body affiliated trade unions, trade unions and water 5 minutes 4 branch trade unions. group of companies and employees on 394, 394 union members, union Membership rate of 100%. 109 members of which 49 were party members; college degree or above 134 employees, 77 professional and technical staff, technical workers and 141. the average monthly salary of 1,700 yuan employees, most employees are locals.
this state-owned enterprises in the trade union chairman understanding of the role of enterprise unions have considerable representation:
trade unions are mass organizations under the same level party committees. Our union is not spontaneous. districts, cities, provinces are required, including conversion over the state-owned enterprises, private enterprises are to be created, from top to bottom should be established. It is different with Chinese characteristics and foreign. Our manager is the party secretary and chairman of the board, we (union) work is in the party under the leadership of the CEOs under the leadership of. Our union is in party leadership, on how to play the existing union members the enthusiasm around the party's central task mm enterprise's economic development, mobilization of union members initiative, offer advice and suggestions. We is pure state-owned companies, not foreign. tell the truth, the state-owned enterprise unions do a lot of work. Our union still inherit and carry forward the planned economy era, the trade union experience. I do trade unions for many years. Now the main work of trade unions ; rights. Member of the duty is to offer advice, promote the union of the old traditions. to our party, the Board's decision-making implement. Now all trade unions, I do not exist here: First rights. us small state-owned enterprises, purely state-owned enterprises in our district much, I estimate that only about one or two sewage treatment plants. Of course we are not here does not exist (problem), at least not prominent. The second is money. Central Government is supportive and to money money. We are here to ensure Why? We are not capitalist countries, who have money who was elected mayor, who as leader, you have no money you go. us different, we are led by the CPC. According to China Law, a medical examination, the trade unions are involved, are administrative guaranteed. our organization excellent advanced workers, outside out of air. two years time, the Chief are guaranteed. third. We can there be 10 primary trade union, we send the file administration , 100 yuan per year for each member to ensure, and to 100 yuan to trade unions; which are all over the state, are more than 6%. other difficult to guarantee trade union issues, we have guaranteed. time for union activities , I can guarantee here. We are on an annual basis the nature of our work, authorities are three shifts, according to weekend or other arrangements. Chinese trade unions in the past good things, we are saved. state-owned enterprises do good. (A business record of an interview - Union President)
A is a wholly-owned enterprise restructuring state-owned enterprises, enterprise autonomy and have management responsibility, business owners must be responsible for state assets. So, business owners will naturally not be as thought the planned economic system as a problem. In short, the face of corporate interests and the interests of both workers relations, state-owned enterprise managers also need to make a choice. A company's general manager and Party secretary of the union role in some of their views is very status quo:
Now the union is just too high, and in fact it is difficult to engage in further increase , there is no way to operate. This and the (national) policy between large.
our union, to my understanding by the ; much better.
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