the characteristics of soilless culture

 1, the characteristics of soilless culture

flower hydroponic soilless culture that is, that is, without soil, and cultivation of flowers with a nutrient solution to plants, most of the water culture for a fixed plant, increasing the air content, but also with sand, gravel, peat, vermiculite stone, perlite, pumice, glass fiber, rock wool, bark, sawdust, etc. as a solid block or matrix, then add some plant nutrients needed for growth, it is also Mingsha Pei, gravel culture, culture of peat, vermiculite culture, Pei perlite, pumice culture, sawdust and other training. Soilless culture can not soil, it expanded the range of planted flowers, desert, Rock Hill and so barren, bay windows, balconies, roofs, etc. can be cultivated flowers. Soilless culture such as the roof of the summer, can also reduce the room temperature 2-3 degrees.

soilless culture has the advantages of saving water and fertilizer. Loss of soil culture as much water, so water consumption than 7 times as large soilless culture, and the nitrogen, phosphorus,UGG boots, potassium, and other soil nutrients are easily fixed, it is estimated that the loss of nutrients in general more than half of the soilless culture losses rarely, especially in closed cultivation, almost no loss. Soilless cultivation of flowers, no weeds, no pests, clean, easy to transport, sale, furnished room to share is due to leave the soil, it can greatly reduce the amount of labor.

flower soilless culture as good ventilation, adequate nutritional balance, flowers, good plant growth and development, and soil cultivation than its high yield, good quality. Such as soilless culture of carnation planted soil than 2 months ahead of flowering, to open four more flowers per plant, and its flavor, long flowering period, high-quality product rate. Soilless cultivation of flower, plant and soil ratio, growth was robust, clean, dark green leaves, spend more and large, bright color, long flowering period.

2, the type of soilless culture

soilless culture substrate according to the different use of different types:

sand culture method: It is less than 3 mm in diameter sand, perlite, plastic or other inorganic substances as a substrate, then add nutrient solution to plants cultivated flowers methods. Gravel culture method, is less than 3 mm in diameter, gravel, basalt stone, lava, plastic or other material as a substrate, coupled to nutrient solution culture method of flowering plants.

hydroponics: soilless culture is the earliest of the approach is to flowers, roots immersed in a continuous or discontinuous in a nutrient solution culture method. Nutrient solution flow in the cultivation tank was the state, to increase the air content. Generally a 10-15 cm deep in the nutrient solution.

sawdust culture method: The degree of medium-coarse sawdust or wood shavings plus an appropriate proportion of fine sawdust. To Douglas fir and hemlock sawdust as well, some toxic orientalis sawdust can not be used. Rough cedar board available planting bed construction, the shop lined with black polyethylene film, the bed width of 60 cm, depth of 25-30 cm, bed set drains. Pei sawdust sawdust can also be carried out on a film bag, the bottom drainage holes marked, according to bag size 1-3 trees can be cultivated plants. Sawdust culture plants for general use drip irrigation water and nutrient supply.

spray culture method: the flowers are hanging on the cultivation of root crops, the air tank to the spray method to root nutrition and water supply. This can greatly save the nutrition and water, while roots and good oxygen conditions, favorable root development. However, the requirements for high spray, fog, point to thin and uniform. Then the temperature is affected by root temperature, difficult to control.

3, in nutrient solution of soilless cultivation of flowers, prepared

when to rely on artificial supply of nutrients, which requires the preparation of artificial nutrition. Different types of flowers on the nutrient solution concentration requirements are different, this should be based on the type of flowers to be mastered.

see first when preparing a variety of pharmaceutical trademarks and description, carefully check its chemical name and formula, understanding its purity, whether or not containing water of crystallization. The chemical treatments when the weighing accuracy. When the first deep-water salt solution, and dissolved trace elements before and after dissolution of a large number of elements.

4, soilless cultivation operations management

substrates used in soilless culture of choice, local to local conditions, local materials. Water retention is better, smaller particles, the greater its surface area and porosity,Discount UGG boots, water retention is also better, but it should avoid too small for the matrix material, or water too easily lead to hypoxia. Matrix can not contain harmful substances, if any, wood sawdust as the long-term preservation in sea water, contains large amounts of sodium chloride, must be approved by pouring fresh water after leaching can be used. Calcareous (limestone) sand and gravel rich in calcium carbonate, can cause the pH of nutrient solution increased, the iron deposits, affecting plant uptake, only igneous (volcanic) for gravel and sand for substrate. The choices of matrix and the type of soilless culture, the bottom row of

water system can be very rough gravel material, and drip irrigation system must be fine gravel material.

long-term use of soilless culture substrate, particularly cropping, will gather the breeding of germs, so each matrix after planting should be disinfected for re-use. More economical steam sterilization, the steam pipe can be carried out through into the planting bed. Sawdust culture vapor can reach 80 cm depth, sand and sawdust mixture of 3:1 beds, steam can enter the 10 cm deep. Disinfection, formaldehyde is a good fungicide, 1 liter of formaldehyde (40% concentration) can be 50 liters of water, 20-40 liters per square meter of the amount of the sanctions imposed on the base, covered with plastic film after 24 hours, in the then the matrix dry before planting about 2 weeks. Concentration of 1% bleach training in the gravel in the disinfection Ye Hao, infiltration of the cultivation bed for half an hour later and then fresh water rinse to remove the chlorine.

nutrient solution pH (pH) directly affect the nutrient status, conversion and efficiency, but also affect the growth of flowering plants. Flower Growth pH required varies by species, usually between 5.5-6.5. In management, test strips available measured pH. If pH is too high, can be corrected by adding appropriate amount of sulfuric acid; low, can be corrected by adding appropriate amount of sodium hydroxide.

in water culture, the flower plants absorb oxygen from the nutrient solution, and oxygen is the main source of nutrient solution through the free-fall from a high place and put oxygen into, for irrigation 5-6 times a day, as a matrix of porous material can reduce the irrigation frequency. Seedling stage, nutrient solution and planting beds to maintain the 2-3 cm between the pores, to facilitate the young roots into the nutrient solution. Also able to do so, should be based on the different requirements of different flowers, the control nutrient solution temperature, because of root temperature on growth and development of the role of flowers even more.

5, soilless culture to determine the nutritional deficiency in soilless cultivation of ornamental plants, the absence of some nutrients, it will have a physical barrier, affecting growth, development and flowering, severe and even lead to death . This should be timely diagnosis, and to take effective measures to timely adjustments to the nutrient solution to nutrient.

nitrogen: plants grow slowly, leaf yellowing, severe leaf loss. Phosphorus often has unusual dark green, sometimes purple gray leaf spot or delayed maturity.

potassium: dicotyledons missing the green leaves started a little later scattered dark necrotic spots appear; monocots, leaf tips and edges of the first cell necrosis, later down the expansion.

calcium deficiency: a significant inhibition of bud development, and cause root necrosis, small plant with dark wrinkled leaves.

magnesium deficiency: the first occurred in the old leaves of absence between the green veins disease, late flowering, a light spot, after the white, and finally become brown.

iron deficiency: the lack of obvious veins green between the symptoms become severe burn-like, with magnesium deficiency similar to and different is that usually occur on the leaves more tender.

lack of chlorine: the first leaves wilt, then become a lack of green and necrosis, and eventually bronze.

boron deficiency: cause physiological disorders, showing a wide variety of symptoms, but most of the stem and root apical meristem death.

the above nutritional deficiencies, they should be carefully identified. As a result, some are not necessarily caused by nutritional deficiencies, may be due to improper pH, but also some due to lack of several elements simultaneously caused. We must clarify the situation, the right remedy. Soilless cultivation of many types and cultivation methods. According to the cultivation and is using the solid matrix material, can be divided into two basic types of soilless culture, that is, without Media Culture and Media Culture.

no Substrates that there is no fixed root of the matrix, root exposure to direct and nutrition, including the following:

(1) nutrient film culture (NFT): This method is to about 0.5 cm in the shallow nutrient flow through plant roots, which is very shallow layer of nutrient solution, such as a water film, it is known as nutrient film technique;

(2) deep flow technique (DFT ): deep layer of liquid nutrient solution, plants hanging on the surface, its net weight box or colonization by the colonization of the bearing plate, vertical roots into the nutrient solution, the deep-flow technology also can be divided into dynamic root float method, M-type floating plate capillary method;

(3) mist culture: is the method of nutrient solution spray, direct spray to the plant roots, roots hanging in the container interior space.

matrix substrate culture is fixed by plants through roots and nutrient solution through the substrate and oxygen absorption method. Depending on the material, can be divided into:

(1) inorganic substrate: including sand culture, gravel culture, culture of vermiculite, perlite culture, slag and so on.

(2) artificial substratum: rock wool culture, polyethylene foam, polyurethane foam;

(3) organic matrix: including sawdust, bagasse, peat, rice husk, smoked charcoal, bark, straw, coconut sugar, puffed chicken manure, Waste Material, etc.. Soilless soil cultivation methods can be divided into five kinds, namely, solution culture, sand culture, media culture, mixed culture and nutrition, film culture, the most commonly used water culture method and culture medium.

water culture method:

culture medium is water. In the growth process does not need to add nutrient solution, which most of the bulbs are a enlargement of plants and some aquatic plants.

example: Narcissus: Amaryllidaceae plants, bulbs mast, she has plenty of nutrients, the base clusters of white fleshy roots, in the autumn and winter season into the container to the beautiful pebbles or stones cover your roots, or as far as possible the growth of roots. 45-60 days of training in general will be able to bloom indoors. Set a pot indoors in winter, clean elegant, scented, used as a traditional New Year flowers. Narcissus cultivation without adding any nutrients, can grow well, usually in order to prevent excessive growth, were subject to sunlight during the day, the evening will be the container of water drained, wet gauze cover your roots, so you can control the excessive growth and robust appearance .

sand culture:

sand culture method for growing flowers is also a money-saving measures. Substrate with clean river sand, good drainage properties, pelvic floor tiles fill the hole to be lived with, to prevent sand discharged. Often need to protect the wet sand, filling with water through a weekly meeting to develop liquid fertilizer is Precious, summer application of at least 1 day, 1 every other day in winter. Sand culture for many types of flowers such as geraniums, violets, ivy, Lycoris radiata, cyclamen, cactus, narcissus and other ocean. Cactus plants to more meat, the body contains large amounts of water, a wide range of diverse shape, resistance to dry, easy cultivation and management. Culture medium can be pure sand or pure Sharjah small leaf mold. Although drought tolerant cactus soil, but that does not mean you can not water, if long-term non-watering, easy to produce plants to shrink, sag phenomenon. Cactus sand culture, growth good, clean appearance. Water: Water quality is closely related with the preparation of nutrient solution. The main indicators of water quality standards is the electrical conductivity (EC), pH value and content of harmful substances is exceeded. Electrical conductivity (EC) is an indicator solution containing salt, usually milli Siemens (mS) said. Different salt tolerance of various crops, salt and strong (EC = 10mS), such as beets, spinach, kale. Salt medium (EC = 4mS), such as cucumber, beans, sweet pepper and so on. Stringent water quality requirements of soilless cultivation, especially in water culture, because it does not have the buffering capacity of soil cultivation, as so many elements in concentrations higher than allowed by standard soil cultivation is low, otherwise the poison will occur, some may not apply to non-agriculture water soil cultivation, soilless culture do collect rainwater, is a good way. Soilless cultivation of water, pH, not too high or too low, because the general crop nutrient requirements from the neutral pH value as well, if the water itself, the low pH value, we must be adjusted with acid or base, is a waste of drugs is time consuming.

nutrition: nutrition is key to soilless culture, different crops require different nutrient solution formulations. Formula published in the world are many, but similar, because the initial formulation of the soil extracts from the chemical composition analysis. Nutrient solution formula, the difference is one of the largest proportion of nitrogen and potassium. Preparation of nutrient solution, taking into account the purity and cost of chemical reagents, the production of fertilizer can be used to reduce costs. Preparation method is to first with the mother liquor (the original source), further dilution, can save the container easy to save. Calcium alone will be served in a material container, and then used to dilute the mother liquor diluted with liquid calcium mixture of substances to avoid the formation of precipitation. PH value of nutrient solution determined to go through, must be adjusted to fit the PH value of the range of crop growth, with particular attention to the water by the time the adjustment of pH value, in order to avoid toxicity.

physical and chemical properties of matrix: the matrix used for many different types of soilless culture. Matrix according to local sources, according to local conditions to be selected, as selection of raw materials rich in readily available, inexpensive, good physical and chemical properties of the substrate materials as soilless culture. Soilless cultivation on substrate requirements are: the size of the solids with a certain quality. Has good physical properties. Has stable chemical properties, in itself does not contain harmful ingredients, not to changes in nutrient solution. Requirements matrix drawing convenience, wide variety of sources, low prices.

fluid supply system: soilless culture are many ways for the fluid, nutrient film (NFT) irrigation method, irrigation method, double-wall pipe irrigation system, drip irrigation system, Siphon, and artificial water spray and so on. Can be summed up into the circulating water (closed system) and non-circulating water (open system) two broad categories. The application of current production is more nutrient film method and the drip irrigation method. 1, not the land conditions.

soilless culture change . In homes, offices can make use of bay windows, balconies, corridors, roofs and other free planting of plants, which can not only create economic benefits, but also can purify the air, water conservation, sanitation, not pollute the environment, nor for the environment pollution. Soilless cultivation technology using waste sites in the Shengli Oilfield, Shandong Shouguang Vegetable saline on the production of high yield and quality have been successful.

2, labor intensity, reduced water and fertilizer usage.

cultivated in soilless culture without the traditional farming, weed control, soil fumigation, fertilizer and other tedious aspects of the unit the size of workforce management can be greatly increased, the labor intensity decreased significantly. The supply of water and fertilizer nutrient solution culture of micro-pipe irrigation systems generally use, easy to implement fixed-point, localization, can significantly reduce water and fertilizer waste. Test proved that soil cultivation than 3 to 7 times water, fertilizer use efficiency increased by 20% to 30%.

3, pests and diseases significantly reduced.

soilless culture due to soil-borne pathogens to prevent the spread of a variety of malignant diseases occurred, cutting off a more important communication channel for other pests and diseases, improve the rhizosphere because of human micro-environment in which plants grew well, and enhance its own resistance to diseases, avoid planting in soil salinity due to years of accumulation and continuous cropping and soil salinization caused by continuous cropping cut phenomenon. Meanwhile, sterilize the soil matrix compared with disinfection more economical and convenient.

4, quality and high yield.

soilless culture has not only achieved through the facilities suitable for crop growth, light, temperature, gas and other conditions, also has a matrix and a special fertilizer supply system, providing the best development for small roots environment. And various environmental factors can artificially better control. And thus better able to coordinate ground and underground plant, such as vegetative growth and reproductive growth relationship, easy to play high yield potential.

soilless cultivation technology more mature countries and regions, yield per unit area than the soil cultivation increased 0.4-20 times (varies by crop, generally between 2-4 times), the results are more experimental demonstration more than 30%. For example, tomatoes grown in the general field of about 800-1200 kg per mu, while the water culture method of up to 30,000 kilograms per mu, high in the 50,000 kg or more. Production and testing shows that not only improve the yield of soilless culture, but also significantly contributed to the crop growth rate, product quality and the appearance of physical and chemical properties are also different degrees of improvement: If the correct shape of tomato soilless culture, bright colors,cheap UGG boots, even coloring , taste, nutritional value (Vc, sugar, etc.) were improved compared with soil cultivation; leafy vegetables, fruits obtained in the nitrate content of the ideal control; soilless cultivation of flowers, early flowering, long, brilliant color, flavor concentration Some in the soil under cultivation is not easy flowering varieties, soilless cultivation conditions can also be more easily achieve the target.

4, to facilitate industrial production.

soilless culture can be as fully demonstrated the agriculture, like industrial production, mechanization, automation production of crops, completely manual control of plant growth. Now the world has been fully automated three-dimensional soilless culture soilless culture facilities and factories. Soilless culture can completely replace all the features of the natural soil, can provide better water for the crops, fertilizer, gas, heat and other environmental conditions rhizosphere. Soilless culture can be used instead of human soil culture, but its application requires certain equipment, technical conditions and considerable economic base, and requires a certain degree of social production, at this stage or for a long period of time, no soil cultivation can not completely replace the soil culture, soil cultivation can only be used as a supplementary form, the only way to fundamentally grasp the scope of application of soilless culture and values.

1, and the high-season for the production of horticultural products

the current production of soilless cultivation in most countries with clean, high quality, high-grade, fresh, high-yield vegetable products, used for in-season and long season cultivation. For example, in recent years Melon east, south course, soilless cultivation technology has played a huge role, the use of special equipment, training and use of organic substrate technology for melon cultivation in South China provides an effective way, in the early spring and autumn and winter planting listed economic benefits are substantial;

addition, soilless culture can also be used for flowers, and more for the cultivation of cut flowers, potted herbs and woody with the flowers, the flowers large, bright color, long flowering period flavor, especially the families, hotels and other places popular flower soilless culture. Medicinal herbs and other edible plants soilless cultivation culture, the same good effect.

2, in the desert, barren, rocky island, saline and other crop production

thin on the beach, saline, desert, rocky island, north and south poles, etc. not suitable for cultivation of the barren soil of soilless culture can be used in large-scale production of vegetables and flowers, with good results. In our country is directly related to homeland security and economic security, of great significance. For example, the Northwest Horticultural Crops Turpan in the Gobi Desert soilless culture center built on the 112 greenhouse, covers an area of 34.2hm2, by Chaki quality trough cultivation, cultivation of vegetable crops, products in the domestic market, made a good economic and social benefits.

3, in the application of Horticulture

soilless cultivation techniques such as the solution to greenhouse gardening soil conservation facilities in an effective way Cropping is widely used around the world, the rapid development of horticulture in our country today also has its importance, our existing greenhouse, shed as many as 90 million hm2, the world's largest country in horticulture, but the result of long-term soil cultivation, even for the increasingly serious obstacle to a direct impact on the productivity of horticulture and can be sustainable development, nationally appropriate to address all forms of soilless cultivation of Horticultural Cropping problems played an important role for the sustainable development of horticulture to provide technical support.

4, in the family Application

using soilless culture in their own courtyard, balconies and roofs to grow flowers, vegetables, both entertaining to watch and the food has a certain value, easy to operate, clean health, can beautify the environment.

5, the application of space agriculture

with the space industry development and human needs into the living space, in space by planting green plants produce food for soilless culture can be said that the most effective approach. Soilless cultivation technology in space research and application in agriculture is playing an important role, such as the U.S. Kennedy Space Center on the use of soilless culture production of food required for astronauts in space, a lot of research and application work, and some food crops, cultivation of vegetable crops have been successful and achieved good results. Development of soilless cultivation techniques of foreign

since 1929, the University of California, Professor W ・ F ・ Gericke applications after the success of nutrient solution culture, sand culture,UGG shoes, gravel culture technique has been successfully tested. 50 years since the 19th century, all countries, including Italy, Spain, France, Britain, Sweden, Israel, the Netherlands, Japan and other countries carried out extensive research and practical application. From the sixties onwards, soilless culture flourishing situation there, deep flow technique, nutrition, and rock wool culture membrane technology was applied in the production, planting crops, also from the tomatoes, cucumbers and other vegetables, flowers, and other types of extensions to the type. In addition, new technologies, including automatic control of nutrient solution and environment technology more widely used in soilless cultivation.

present, soilless culture has developed into an independent discipline, that is, a high-tech agricultural facilities - Soilless Cultivation. Now, the soilless culture in the United States, Japan, the Netherlands, Denmark, Britain, Israel and other countries have been more widely used in production. Area of soilless culture such as the Netherlands has grown to 3 over one thousand hectares, and its famous flower show, soilless culture are nurtured.

soilless cultivation technology in China

the development of soilless culture in China started late in research applications, but lower than the original there is a long history of soilless cultivation techniques. Raw bean sprouts, Narcissus species has long been documented (to the night alone in the Song Dynasty), but the more formal scientific research and production test, it is nearly few years. Shandong Agricultural University in 1976 and began planting vermiculite watermelon, cucumber, tomato, etc., were successful in the Shengli Oilfield in 1987 to promote an area of 6,000 square meters. Soilless technology has been widely used in China, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 1987, the number of soilless, had 33.5% of the total number of seedlings.

1985, at the Vegetable Research Institute of Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, held a national conference, set up a study group of soilless culture in China, and in 1986,1987, convened a national symposium, attended as many as a hundred people. May 1988, China's first meeting in the Netherlands attended the seventh annual International Society of Soilless Culture Council, and published a paper at the conference, caused a lot of national attention. Soilless cultivation techniques and now have a hundred years of history, from the initial pilot study to the current large-scale commercial production has become mature and technically perfect. Soilless culture from the last decade the development of situation, the future trend is toward two aspects to this: First, toward the large-scale, intensive, automated direction, the second is towards the small, home direction.

crop production because the advantages of soilless culture more and more attention has been paid, and because of the greenhouse design, materials and production process improvements, modernization of control instrumentation, especially computer technology in the production of soilless culture application of soilless culture makes a significant reduction in production costs, and production is constantly improving, the economic benefits of higher growers, in turn, into the soilless cultivation is also increasing funding to promote production of soilless cultivation toward large-scale, the direction of automation and intensification, the formation of scale.

the other hand, soilless culture technology can be seen as a popular science and technology, in the family, schools are increasingly being used in people's attention. With the improvement of housing conditions, people's incomes increase, in the home balcony, roof using soilless culture techniques that not only clean and sanitary, but also convenient and practical technology to plant flowers and trees, the yardsticks have been carried out in many of the residents. Soilless cultivation of crops because of the intuitive, science, biology in primary and secondary schools as a teaching aid to train students to observe, analyze and problem solving skills are helpful.

Therefore, we can say that the future development of soilless culture technology is a good prospect.